Carboxylic compounds

………………………
…….

Aldehyde and ketones

 Aldehyde and Ketone are collectively called Carbonyl compound .
Carbonyl Oxygen
 In Aldehyde, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to one hydrogen and
one alkyl Group.
 Formaldehyde (HCHO) in which carbonyl carbon is bonded to 2
hydrogen atom is an exception.

 In ketones, the carbonyl carbon is always bonded to 2 alkyl group.

These alkyl group may be same or different.
Carbonyl carbon

Both Aldehydes and

ketones contain a
carbon-oxygen double
Functional Functional bond (>C=O) . This unit
Group of Group of is referred to as
aldehyde ketone carbonyl group.
 Carbon oxygen
double bond
composed of 1
sigma an 1 pie bond

Carbonyl group like the carbon- Pie bond formed by

carbon double bond of alkenes, is overlapping of Sp2
composed of one sigma and one Orbital of carbon
pie bond. and oxygen

Geometry of
carbonyl group
Bond angle= 120
 Electrons in pie bond are not equally shared. They are pulled
more towards the electronegative oxygen atom.

Bond is polarized, with oxygen atom being slightly negative and

carbon atom being slightly positive.

Polar nature of carbonyl group can be

indicated by resonance structures :-
 NOMENCLATURE Suffix :-
AL

A
L
D
E
H Common name: Common name: Common name: Common name:
Y Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde ∝- Chloropropion-
D aldehyde
E IUPAC Name: IUPAC Name: IUPAC Name:
Methanal Ethanal Propanal IUPAC Name:
2-Chloropropanal
 NOMENCLATURE Suffix:
one

K
E
T
O Common Name: Common Name: Common Name:
N Dimethyl Ketone Ethyl Methyl Ketone Methyl Propyl Ketone
E
S IUPAC Name: IUPAC Name: IUPAC Name:
2-Propanone 2-Butanone 2-Pentanone
 CH3 – electron donating
Hydrogen: Small size CH3 : large size

𝛿-

𝛿+
Nu

Less hindered More hindered Most hindered

I > II > III

Aldehyde is more Reactive than Ketone.

 Acyl chloride/acid chloride undergoes
hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst
such as barium sulfate (BaSO4) or Palladium
(Pd) to form aldehydes.

 Aldehyde formation with this process is

possible after the partial poisoning of the
reaction by the addition of compounds such
as sulfur or quinolone.

 This is an important step for the formation of

aldehydes. This is also known as :
Rosenmund’s Reaction.

 Ketones Cannot Be Prepared By this

method.
  Preparation of Aldehydes is possible with
Stephen’s Reduction the help of nitriles.

 Reduction of nitriles with the compound

Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) in the presence
of HCl leads to the formation of the nitrile
compound’s corresponding imine form.

 The imine compound undergoes hydrolysis

to yield the corresponding aldehydes. The
reaction is known as
Stephen’s Reduction.
Mechanism Of Stephen’s Reduction
Thank you !!!
Name: Diksha
College Roll no: 204073