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The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses: Slides 12.1 - 12.22
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses: Slides 12.1 - 12.22
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 12
The Lymphatic System
and Body Defenses
Lymph Capillaries
Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves
Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
Capillaries are anchored to connective
tissue by filaments
Higher pressure on the inside closes
minivalves
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Lymphatic Vessels
Figure 12.1
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Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic
collecting vessels
Collects lymph
from lymph
capillaries
Carries lymph to
and away from
lymph nodes
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Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic
collecting vessels
(continued)
Returns fluid to
circulatory veins
near the heart
Right lymphatic
duct
Thoracic duct
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Lymph
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Lymph
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Lymph Nodes
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Lymph Nodes
Figure 12.3
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Lymph Node Structure
Most are kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch
long
Cortex
Outer part
Contains follicles – collections of
lymphocytes
Medulla
Inner part
Contains phagocytic macrophages
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Lymph Node Structure
Figure 12.4
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Flow of Lymph Through Nodes
Several other
organs contribute
to lymphatic
function
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Figure 12.5
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The Spleen
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The Thymus
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Tonsils
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Peyer’s Patches
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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic
Tissue (MALT)
Includes:
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Other small accumulations of lymphoid
tissue
Acts as a sentinal to protect respiratory
and digestive tracts
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Body Defenses
The body is constantly in contact with
bacteria, fungi, and viruses
The body has two defense systems for
foreign materials
Nonspecific defense system
Mechanisms protect against a variety of
invaders
Responds immediately to protect body
from foreign materials
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Body Defenses
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Nonspecific Body Defenses
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Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
The skin
Physical barrier to foreign materials
pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial
growth
Sebum is toxic to bacteria
Vaginal secretions are very acidic
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Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
Stomach mucosa
Secretes hydrochloric acid
Has protein-digesting enzymes
Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain
lysozyme
Mucus traps microogranisms in
digestive and respiratory pathways
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Defensive Cells
Phagocytes
(neutrophils and
macrophages)
Engulfs foreign
material into a
vacuole
Enzymes from
lysosomes digest
the material
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Defensive Cells
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Inflammatory Response -
Second Line of Defense
Triggered when body tissues are injured
Produces four cardinal signs
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Results in a chain of events leading to
protection and healing
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Functions of the Inflammatory
Response
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Steps in the Inflammatory Response
Figure 12.7
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Antimicrobial Chemicals
Complement
A group of at
least 20
plasma
proteins
Activated when
they encounter
and attach to
cells
(complement
fixation) Figure 12.8
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Antimicrobial Chemicals
Complement
(continued)
Damage
foreign cell
surfaces
Has
vasodilators,
chemotaxis,
and
opsonization Figure 12.8
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Antimicrobial Chemicals
Interferon
Secreted proteins of virus-infected cells
Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses
binding
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Fever
Humoral immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
Cells produce chemicals for defense
Cellular immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Cells target virus infected cells
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Antigens (Nonself)
Any substance capable of exciting the
immune system and provoking an immune
response
Examples of common antigens
Foreign proteins
Nucleic acids
Large carbohydrates
Some lipids
Pollen grains
Microorganisms
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Self-Antigens
Figure 12.9
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Humoral (Antibody-Mediated)
Immune Response
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Humoral (Antibody Mediated)
Immune Response
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Humoral Immune Response
Figure 12.10
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Secondary Response
Memory cells
are long-lived
A second
exposure
causes a rapid
response
The secondary
response is
stronger and
longer lasting Figure 12.11
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Active Immunity
Your B cells
encounter
antigens and
produce
antibodies
Active immunity
can be naturally
or artificially
acquired
Figure 12.12
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Passive Immunity
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Antibody Structure
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Antibody Classes
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Antibody Function
Figure 12.14
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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune
Response
Antigens must be presented by
macrophages to an immunocompetent
T cell (antigen presentation)
T cells must recognize nonself and self
(double recognition)
After antigen binding, clones form as
with B cells, but different classes of cells
are produced
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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune
Response
Figure 12.15
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T Cell Clones
Cytotoxic T cells
Specialize in killing infected cells
Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)
Helper T cells
Recruit other cells to fight the invaders
Interact directly with B cells
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T Cell Clones
Suppressor T cells
Release chemicals to suppress the activity
of T and B cells
Stop the immune response to prevent
uncontrolled activity
A few members of each clone are
memory cells
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Summary of the Immune Response
Figure 12.16
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Organ Transplants and Rejection
Major types of grafts
Autografts – tissue transplanted from one
site to another on the same person
Isografts – tissue grafts from an identical
person (identical twin)
Allografts – tissue taken from an unrelated
person
Xenografts – tissue taken from a different
animal species
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Organ Transplants and Rejection
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Disorders of Immunity: Allergies
(Hypersensitivity)
Abnormal, vigorous immune responses
Types of allergies
Immediate hypersensitivity
Triggered by release of histamine from IgE
binding to mast cells
Reactions begin within seconds of contact with
allergen
Anaphylactic shock – dangerous, systemic
response
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Disorders of Immunity: Allergies
(Hypersensitivity)
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Allergy Mechanisms
Figure 12.17
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Disorders of Immunity:
Immunodeficiencies
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
Examples of autoimmune diseases
Multiple sclerosis – white matter of brain
and spinal cord are destroyed
Myasthenia gravis – impairs
communication between nerves and
skeletal muscles
Juvenile diabetes – destroys pancreatic
beta cells that produce insulin
Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
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Self Tolerance Breakdown
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Self Tolerance Breakdown
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Developmental Aspects of the
Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
Except for thymus and spleen, the
lymphoid organs are poorly developed
before birth
A newborn has no functioning
lymphocytes at birth; only passive
immunity from the mother
If lymphatics are removed or lost, severe
edema results, but vessels grow back in
time
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.52