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A NOOB’S GUIDE
ECG
TO
1903 NOW
Willem Einthoven Modern ECG
A Dutch doctor and physiologist. machine
He invented the first has evolved into compact electronic
practical electrocardiogram and systems that often include
received the Nobel Prize in computerized interpretation of the
Medicine in 1924 for it electrocardiogram.
ECG Machines!
The graph paper recording produced by the machine is termed an
electrocardiogram,
It is usually called ECG or EKG
STANDARD
CALLIBRATION
Speed =
25mm/s
Amplitude =
0.1mV/mm
1mV 10mm high
1 large square 0.2s(200ms)
1 small square 0.04s (40ms) or
1 mV amplitude
HOW TO DO ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
Placement of
electrodes The limb electrodes
RA - On the right arm, avoiding thick muscle
LA – On the left arm this time.
RL - On the right leg, lateral calf muscle
LL- On the left leg this time.
The 6 chest electrodes
V1 - Fourth intercostal space, right sternal border.
V2 - Fourth intercostal space, left sternal border.
V3 - Midway between V2 and V4.
V4 - Fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line.
V5 - Level with V4, left anterior axillary line.
V6 - Level with V4, left mid axillary line.
How does an ECG
The ECG works mostly by detecting and
work?
amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the
skin that are caused when the heart muscle
"depolarizes" during each heart beat.
patient
The ine p
Lying su g sarong
+ wearin
ar e all
Theserodes Place all the
elect electrodes
correctly
PEOPLE USUALLY REFER THE
ELECTRODES CABLES AS
LEADS
LEADS should be correctly
defined as the tracing
of the voltage
DUDE, THAT’S difference
CONFUSING! the electrodesbetween
and is
what is actually
produced by the ECG
recorder.
SO, WHERE ARE THE
LEA
DS?
LEADS I, II, III
THEY ARE FORMED BY VOLTAGE TRACINGS
BETWEEN THE LIMB ELECTRODES (RA,LA, RL AND
LL). THESE ARE THE ONLY BIPOLAR LEADS. ALL
TOGETHER THEY ARE CALLED THE LIMBLEADS
OR
THE EINTHOVEN’S TRIANGLE
LA
RA I
II III
RL LL
LEADS aVR, aVL, aVF
THEY AREALSO DERIVED FROM THE LIMB ELECTRODES,
THEY MEASURETHE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT ONE POINT
WITH RESPECT TO A NULL POINT. THEY ARE THE
AUGMENTEDLIMBLEADS
RA LA
aVR aVL
aVF
RL LL
LEADS
V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,V6
THEY ARE PLACED DIRECTLY ONTHE CHEST.
BECAUSE OF THEIR CLOSE PROXIMITY OF THE
HEART,THEY DONOT REQUIRE AUGMENTATION.
THEY ARE CALLED THE PRECORDIAL LEADS
RA LA
V1 V2
V3
V4 V6
V5
RL LL
These leads help to determine heart’s electrical axis. The
limb leads and the augmented limb leads form the frontal
plane. The precordial leads form the horizontal plane.
The Different Views Reflect The Angles At Which LEADS "LOOK" At
The Heart And The Direction Of The Heart's Electrical Depolarization.
Leads Anatomical representation of the heart
V1, V2, V3, V4 Anterior
I, aVL, V5, V6 left lateral
II, III, aVF inferior
aVR, V1 Right atrium
A NORMAL ECG WAVE
REMEMBER
THE NORMAL SIZE
<3 small square
If a wavefront
of depolarization
travels towards
the positive
electrode, a
positive-going
deflection will result.
If
travels
the away
waveform
from the positive
electrode, a
negative going
deflection will be
seen.
E C I NTE R P
RET
G
The More You See, The More You Know
A TI ON
OBTAIN A N ECG, ACT CONFIDENT, READ THE PT DETAILS
OBTAIN A N ECG, ACT CONFIDENT, READ THE PT DETAILS
Some ECG machines come with interpretation software. This one says
the patient is fine. DO NOT totally trust this software.
The best way to interpret an ECG is to do it step-by-step
Rate
Rhythm
Cardiac Axis
P – wave
PR - interval
QRS
Complex ST
Segment
QT interval (Include T and U wave)
Other ECG signs
RATE
CALCULATING RATE
As a general interpretation, look at lead II at the bottom part of the ECG strip. This
lead is the rhythm strip which shows the rhythm for the whole time the ECG is
recorded. Look at the number of square between one R-R interval. To calculate
rate, use any of the following formulas:
300
Rate =
the number of BIG SQUARE between R-R interval
OR
1500
Rate =
the number of SMALL SQUARE between R-R interval
CALCULATING RATE
For example:
300 1500
Rate = or Rate =
3 15
If you think that the rhythm is not regular, count the number of electrical beats in a
6-second strip and multiply that number by 10.(Note that some ECG strips have 3
seconds and 6 seconds marks) Example below:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
You can also count the number of beats on any one row over the ten-second strip
(the whole lenght) and multiply by 6. Example:
Normal 60-99 -
Sinus Bradycardia
Sinus Tachycardia
Sinus pause
In disease (e.g. sick sinus syndrome) the SA node can fail in its pacing
function. If failure is brief and recovery is prompt, the result is only a missed
beat (sinus pause). If recovery is delayed and no other focus assumes
pacing function, cardiac arrest follows.
RHYTHM
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Flutter
Atrial Rate=~300bpm, similar to A-fib, but have flutter waves, ECG baseline
adapts ‘saw-toothed’ appearance’. Occurs with atrioventricular block (fixed
degree), eg: 3 flutters to 1 QRS complex:
RHYTHM
Ventricular Fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
fast heart rhythm, that originates in one of the ventricles- potentially life-
threatening arrhythmia because it may lead to ventricular fibrillation, asystole,
and sudden death.
Rate=100-250bpm
RHYTHM
Torsades de Pointes
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Atrial Escape
Junctional Escape
Ventricular escape
Arises from an irritable focus in one of the atria. APB produces different
looking P wave, because depolarization vector is abnormal. QRS complex
has normal duration and same morphology .
RHYTHM
Arises from an irritable focus at the AV junction. The P wave associated with
atrial depolarization in this instance is usually buried inside the QRS complex
and not visible. If p is visible, it is -ve in lead II and +ve in lead aVR and it it
may occur before or after QRS.
RHYTHM
Asystole
Artificial pacemaker
Electrical impulse that travels towards the electrode produces an upright (positive)
deflection (of the QRS complex) relative to the isoelectric baseline. One that travels
away produces negative deflection. And one that travels at a right angle to the lead,
produces a biphasic wave.
CARDIAC AXIS
Positive
Positive
Positive
Positive
Negative
Negative
Negative
Positive
Positive
Right axis deviation normal finding in children and tall thin adults,
chronic lung disease(COPD), left posterior
hemiblock, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome,
anterolateral MI.
Normal P- wave
3 small square wide, and 2.5 small square high.
Always positive in lead I and II in NSR
Always negative in lead aVR in NSR
Commonly biphasic in lead V1
P -WAVE
P pulmonale
Tall peaked P wave. Generally due to enlarged
right atrium- commonly associated with congenital
heart disease, tricuspid valve disease, pulmonary
hypertension and diffuse lung disease.
Biphasic P wave
Its terminal negative deflection more than 40 ms
wide and more than 1 mm deep is an ECG sign of
left atrial enlargement.
P mitrale
Wide P wave, often bifid, may be due to mitral
stenosis or left atrial enlargement.
PR- INTERVAL
PR INTERVAL
NORMAL PR INTERVAL
Long PR interval
may indicate heart
block
Short PR interval
may disease like
Wolf-Parkinson-
PR-Interval 3-5 small square (120-200ms) White
PR-INTERVAL
P wave precedes QRS complex but P-R intervals prolong (>5 small
squares) and remain constant from beat to beat
PR-INTERVAL
Runs in cycle, first P-R interval is often normal. With successive beat, P-R
interval lengthens until there will be a P wave with no following QRS complex.
The block is at AV node, often transient, maybe asymptomatic
PR-INTERVAL
2. Mobitz Type 2
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
S amplitude in V1 + R
amplitude in V5 < 3.5
Q wave amplitude less than Increased amplitude
1/3 QRS amplitude(R+S) indicated cardiac hypertrophy
or
< 1 small square
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB)
indirect activation causes left ventricle contracts indirect activation causes right ventricle
later than the right ventricle. contracts later than the left ventricle
NORMAL ST SEGMENT
ST segment is isoelectric
and at the same level as
subsequent PR-interval
Criteria:
ST elevation in > 2 chest leads > 2mm elevation
ST elevation in > 2 limb leads > 1mm elevation
Q wave > 0.04s (1 small square).
ST-ELEVATION MI (STEMI)
0 HOUR Pronounced T Wave initially
ST elevation (convex type)
>2mm
Pathological Q wave
Check again!
I. aVR V1 ST elevation in > 2 chest leads > 2mm
V4
Q wave > 0.04s (1 small square).
II. aVL V2 V5
Yup, It’s acute
anterolateral MI!
III. aVF V3 V6
ST SEGMENT
Check again!
I. aVR V1 V4
Inferior MI!
II. aVL V2 V5
III. aVF V3 V6
ST SEGMENT
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
1mm ST-segment depression
Symmetrical, tall T wave
Long QT- interval
PERICARDITIS
ST elevation with
concave shape, mostly
seen in all leads
ST SEGMENT
DIGOXIN
Down sloping ST segment depression
also known as the "reverse tick" or
"reverse check" sign in
supratherapeutic digoxin level.
ST SEGMENT
Now, moving to
Example:
LVH RVH
Hypertension (most common cause) Pulmonary hypertension
Aortic stenosis Tetralogy of Fallot
Aortic regurgitation Pulmonary valve stenosis
Mitral regurgitation Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Coarctation of the aorta High altitude
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Cardiac fibrosis
COPD
Athletic heart syndrome
QT- INTERVAL
QT- INTERVAL
As a general guide the QT interval should be 0.35- 0.45 s,(<2 large square) and
should not be more than half of the interval between adjacent R waves (R-R
interval)
10 small square
T-WAVE
Normal T wave
Asymmetrical, the first half having more gradual slope
than the second half
>1/8 and < 2/3 of the amplitude of corresponding R wave
Amplitude rarely exceeds 10mm
Abnormal T waves are symmetrical, tall, peaked, biphasic,
or inverted.
U-WAVE
Normal U waves are small, round and symmetrical and positive in lead II. It is
the same direction as T wave in that lead.
Prominent U waves are most often seen in hypokalemia, but may be present
in hypercalcemia, thyrotoxicosis, or exposure to digitalis,epinephrine, and Class 1A and
3 antiarrhythmics, as well as in congenital long QT syndrome, and in the setting of
intracranial hemorrhage.
An inverted U wave may represent myocardial ischemia or left ventricular volume
overload
OTHER ECG SIGNS
HYPERKALAEMIA
HYPOKALAEMIA