Chemical Bonding

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 Objectives

 Explain how compounds are formed

 Differentiate between an ionic and
covalent bond
 Predict which compound is ionic and
which are covalent
 Understand the term valence/oxidation
number

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What is a Compound?

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 Compound

 A chemical combination of two or more

elements.
 It has constant composition and unique set of
properties.
 Its composition is represented by its formula,
which lists the symbols of the elements are
contained in the simplest unit of the
compound.

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Chemical Bonding

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 Chemical Bond

 A strong force of attraction or linkage

between atoms due to the interaction of
electrons between them.

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 Chemical Bond

 bonds form in order to…

 decrease potential energy (PE)
 increase stability

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 Chemical Stability

 In compound formation, atoms tend to

form bond with other atoms to become
more stable.

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 Chemical Stability

 In most atoms, chemical stability is

attained by completing the outermost
main energy level with eight electrons
(electronic configuration of noble gas) by
gaining or losing, or sharing electrons.
 Exception: H needs 2e- to become stable
(configuration similar to He)

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 OCTET Rule

 It states that in compound formation,

atoms of electrons lose, gain or share
electrons in such a way that each atom
participating in a chemical bonding
acquires an electron configuration
resembling that of the noble gas nearest
it in the periodic table.

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 OCTET Rule

 Octet: a noble gas electron configuration

has 8 valence electrons (except for He)
 Ne: 1s2 2s22p6

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 Two Major Types of Chemical
Bonding

1. Ionic Bonding or Electrovalent Bonding

2. Covalent Bonding

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 A. Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding

 It is formed by the transfer of electrons

from a metal to a non-metal.
 As a general rule, in ionic bond
formation, metal lose electron to form
positive ions and non-metals gain
electrons to form negative ions.

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 Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding

 Ions
 charged atoms
 does not have equal number of protons and
electrons
 CATIONS – positive ions
 ANIONS – negative ions

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 Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding

 Electrovalent or Ionic Bond

 The compound formed as a result of the
transfer of electrons
 These compounds are usually hard, non-
volatile solids with high melting points.
 Ions in these solids follow a regular
arrangement called CRYSTAL LATTICE.

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 Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding

 Example 1:
Formation of Sodium Fluoride by the
reaction between Sodium and Fluorine.

Na +F → Na+ + F- → NaF

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 Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding

 Example 1:
By Half Shell Configuration

+1 -1
11p 9p 11p 9p
12n 2 e- 8 e- 1 e- 7 e- 2 e- 2 e- 8 e- 8 e- 2 e-
10n 12n 10n
+

Na F Na F

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6
1s2 2s2 2p5
Sodium atom Fluorine atom Sodium ion Fluorine ion
p+ = + 11 p+ = +9 p+ = +11 p+ = +9
e- = - 11 e- = -9 e- = -10 e- = -10
Net charge = 0 Net charge = 0 Net charge = +1 Net charge = -1

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 Half-Shell Notation

 Method of representing atomic

structure by showing the symbol
and the electron distributed in
different energy levels represented
by half-shell.

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 Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding

 Example 1:
By Lewis System


 +1  -1
Na +    

F  Na F
  


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 Electron Dot Notation or Lewis Structure

 The nucleus is represented by the

symbol of the element and only the
electron on the last shell are
distributed along the atoms using
dots, dashes etc.

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 Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding

 Example 2:
Reaction between Mg (2 valence e-) and Cl (7 valence e-) to
form MgCl2

By Lewis Structure


  
Cl  





Cl-1 

Mg + Mg +2
MgCl2
 

   

Cl  Cl-1 
 


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 Learning Check

Show the formation of Sodium

Chloride by the reaction between
Sodium (11Na) and Chlorine (17Cl)
using half shell notation and Lewis
structure. What will be the new
electron configuration and net
charge of each element after ionic
bond has formed?
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 B. Covalent Bonding

 A covalent bond is formed by sharing of

electrons between two non-metals.
 It is consists of an electron pair shared
between two bonded atoms.
 A molecule results from this union.

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 B. Covalent Bonding

 The compound formed is called covalent

compound.
 These compounds are usually gases or liquids
with low boiling point.
 The number of covalent bonds that an atom
forms is equal to the number of electrons it
needs to achieve a noble gas electron
configuration.

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 B. Covalent Bonding

Example 1:
Fluorine Molecule
a. By complete Atomic Structure
   
   
 
   
9p 9p   
9p 

10n

+ 10n
 10n
9p
10n
    
 
   
   
Fluorine A Fluorine B
Fluorine A Fluorine B

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 B. Covalent Bonding

Example 1:
Fluorine Molecule
Covalent Bond
b. By Lewis Structure (shared pair e-)

 
   
F + F    
   
F 
F 
   

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 B. Covalent Bonding

Example 2:
Covalent Bond
Methane (CH4) H
(shared pair e-)

a. By complete Atomic Structure 1p

0n



H C
1p
 6p
 H
0n  6n 
1p
0n


H
Covalent Bond 1p
0n
(shared pair e-)

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 B. Covalent Bonding

Example 2:
Methane (CH4)
a. By Lewis Structure
H
 H

H   C   H or
H C H


H H
Note:
- (dash) is used to represent
a pair of shared electron

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 Types of Covalent Bonds

Single Covalent Bond

 two atoms share one pair of valence electrons
Cl2 •• ••
 Cl  Cl 
•• ••

 Double Covalent Bond

 two atoms share two pairs of valence electrons

CO2
C 4 valence e-
•• ••
O C O  •• O 6 valence e-
••
total 16 valence e

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 Types of Covalent Bonds

 Triple Covalent Bond

 two atoms share 3 pairs of electrons

N2

 Coordinate Covalent Bond

 both electrons of a shared pair originate from the same

atom.
NH4+

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 Resonance Structures

 Two or more equivalent electron dot structures that

can be written for a molecule or polyatomic ion.
 Each structure differs only in the placement of the
electron pairs.
O=S O O S= O O S O
two possible resonance structures hybrid or actual structure

The actual structure of the species is a resonance hybrid,

or the average of all the possible resonance structures

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 Rules for Determining Electron Dot Structures

1. Determine which atom is the central atom.

2. Determine the total number of valence electrons on

all atoms.
Add one electron for each negative charge.
Subtract one electron for each positive charge.

3. Place one pair of electrons in each bond.

4. Complete the octets on all atoms bonded to the

central atom. (duet - 2 electrons for bonds with
hydrogen).
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 Rules for Determining Electron Dot Structures

5. Place remaining electrons, as nonbonding pairs, on

central atom.

6. If the central atom does not have an octet, form

multiple bonds by moving lone (nonbonding) pairs
into bonds until the central atom has an octet.

7. Check for possible resonance structures. Determine

average structure.

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 Learning Check

Show the Lewis Structure of the

following covalently bonded
compoundsl
a. H2
b. Br2
c. HF

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 Learning Check

Show the Lewis Structure of the

following covalently bonded
compounds
a. H2
b. Br2
c. HF

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There are five different categories associated with covalent
bonds. What are the 5 different categories?

Covalent

Network
Molecular Solids
Substance Polar
Coordinate
Nonpolar Covalent

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First, we are going to look at Polar Covalent…

What is polar covalent?

-Polar covalent is a description of a
c
bond that has an uneven distribution
of charge due to an unequal sharing of
bonding electrons.

The boy is not equally

sharing with anyone
else but rather taking
all the food for himself.

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Next, we are going to look at Non-Polar Covalent…

What is non-polar covalent?

-Non polar covalent is a covalent This couple is
bond that has an even distribution of non- polar
because they are
charge due to an equal sharing of sharing the drink
bonding electrons. equally between
them.

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Next, we are going to look at Molecular Substances…

What is a molecular substance?

-A molecular substance is a substance
that has atoms held together by
covalent bonds.

Name 2 Characteristics of a
Molecular Substance.

1. Weak
2. Low melting and boiling
points

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Next, we are going to look at Coordinate Covalent…

What is a Coordinate Covalent Bond?

-A coordinate covalent bond is a
bond formed when one atom donates
both electrons that are shared.

People donate their

blood to help others
just like atoms *Think about the party analogy!
“donate” electrons to
form stable octets.
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Now, we are going to look at Network Solids…

What is a Network Solid? Diphenylglycoluril

-A network solid is a solid that has
covalently bonded atoms linked in
one big network or one big
macromolecule.
assembles into a unique,
two-dimensional hydrogen
bonding network in the solid
state, while exhibiting a
twisted molecular structure.

Name 3 Characteristics of a
Network Solid.
1. Poor conductors of heat
and electricity
2. Hard / Strong
3. High melting and boiling
points
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Polyatomic Bonds
Polyatomic ions usually have a
charge because the collection of
atoms has either gained an extra
electron or else it has lost an
electron.

What is a Polyatomic Bond?

- A polyatomic bond is
charged group of covalently
bonded atoms. It is made up
of more than one atom.
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Just as a summary to what each
bond looks like…

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