Stress and Strain

• Course Code: ME 2275

• Course Title: Mechanics of Materials
• Credit: 3.0
• Course Teacher: Md. Abu Jafor
Lecturer, Dept. of ME,

BAUST
Stress
•𝜎 =

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𝐹/𝐴

2
Strai
n

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•𝜀 =
𝛿𝑙/𝐿

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 Tensile Stress and Strain

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• When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pulls
P (also called tensile load) , then the stress induced at any
section of the body is known as tensile stress.
• Tensile load, there will be a decrease in cross-sectional area and
an increase in length of the body. The ratio of the increase in
length to the original length is known as tensile strain. 4
 Compressive Stress and
Strain

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• When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pushes P (also
called compressive load) , then the stress induced at any section of the body
is known as compressive stress
• Compressive load, there will be an increase in cross-sectional area and a
decrease in length of the body. The ratio of the decrease in length to the
original length Is known as compressive strain

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 Young’s Modulus or Modulus of
Elasticity

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• Hooke's law:- states that when a material is loaded within
elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain,
σ ∝ εor σ = E × ε 6
 Shear Stress and Strain
• When a body is subjected to two equal and
opposite forces acting tangentially across the

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resisting section, as a result of which the body tends
to shear off the section, then the stress induced is
called shear stress (τ), The corresponding strain is
known as shear strain (φ)

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 Shear Modulus or Modulus of
Rigidity

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• It has been found experimentally that within the elastic limit, the
shear stress is directly proportional to shear strain.

Mathematically τ∝ φ or τ = G . φ or τ / φ
=G
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• where, τ = Shear stress,

•G
φ == Shear
Constant of proportionality, known as shear modulus
strain, or
• modulus of rigidity.
It is also denoted by N or C.
Stress-Stress Diagram

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 Stress in Composite Bar

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• A composite bar may be defined as a bar made up of two or more
different materials, joined together, in such a manner that the
system extends or contracts as one unit, equally, when subjected
to tension or compression.

1.The extension or contraction of

the bar is being equal

2.The total external load on the bar

is equal to the sum of the loads
carried by different materials.

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 Continue
…
• P1 = Load carried by bar 1,
• A1 = Cross-sectional area of bar 1,

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• σ1 = Stress produced in bar 1,
• E1 = Young's modulus of bar 1,

• P2, A2, σ2, E2 = Corresponding values of

bar 2,

• P = Total load on the composite bar,

• l = Length of the composite bar, and
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• δl = Elongation of the composite bar.
• We know that P = P1 + P2
Bars with Cross Section Varying in Steps

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• A typical bar with cross-sections varying in steps and
subjected to axial load
• length of three portions L1, L2 and L3 and the respective
cross-sectional areas are A1, A2, A3
• E = Young’s modulus of the material
• P = applied axial load.

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 Continue…

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• Forces acting on the cross-sections of the three portions. It is
obvious that to maintain equilibrium the load acting on each
portion is P only.

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Stress Strain and Extension of each
Portion Stress
Bar Strain Extension
1 σ1 = P/ A1 e1 = σ1 / E δ1 = P L1 / A1 E

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2 σ2 = P/ A2 e2 = σ2 / E δ2 = P L2 / A2 E

3 σ3 = P/ A3 e3 = σ3 / E δ3 = P L3 / A3 E

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 Continue…

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• Total elongation,

δ = δ1 + δ2 + δ3 = [P L1 / A1 E] + [P L2 / A2 E]
+ [P L3 / A3 E]

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 Thermal Stresses

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• Stresses due to Change in Temperature

• Whenever there is some increase or decrease in the temperature

of a body, it causes the body to expand or contract.

• If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise or

fall of the temperature, no stresses are induced in the body.

• But, if the deformation of the body is prevented, some stresses are

induced in
the body. Such stresses are known as thermal stresses.

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Continue
…

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• l = Original length of the body,
• t = Rise or fall of temperature,
𝑙
• α = Coefficient of thermal expansion,

• ∴ Increase or decrease in length,

• δl = l × α × t

• If the ends of the body are fixed to rigid supports, so

that its expansion is prevented,
• then compressive strain induced in the body,

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 Linear and Lateral Strain

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• Consider a circular bar of diameter d and length l, subjected to a
tensile force P

• Due to tensile force, the length

of the bar increases by an
amount δl and the diameter
decreases by
an amount δd
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• Similarly, if the bar is
subjected to a
compressive force,

• Every direct stress is accompanied by a strain in its own direction is known as

linear strain and an opposite kind of strain in every direction, at right angles
to it, is known as lateral strain.
 Poisson’s Ratio
• When a body is stressed within elastic limit, the lateral strain bears a

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constant ratio to the linear strain.
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

• This constant is known as Poisson's ratio and is denoted by (1/m) or μ.

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 Volumetric Strain

• When a body is subjected to a system of forces, it

undergoes some changes in its dimensions. The
volume of the body is changed.
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• The ratio of the change in volume to the original

volume is known as volumetric strain.

 Bulk Modulus
• When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular
stresses, of equal intensity, then the ratio of the direct stress to
the corresponding volumetric strain is known as BULK
MODULUS.

• It is usually denoted by K.

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