Histopathology and

Cytopathology
 Basic Principles of Cancer Diagnosis

Laboratory Diagnosis:
histopathology, cytology, serologic
Clinical Diagnosis:
physical diagnosis, radiography, endoscopy

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 Basic Principles of Cancer Therapy

Oncologic surgery: basic principles of cancer operation

Chemotherapy: chemotherapeutic agents with their
limitations
Radiotherapy: molecular and cellular response
Hormonal therapy: pharmacologic application and
resistance of hormonal therapy
Biological therapy: gene therapy

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 Basic Principles of Cancer Management
• Early cancer detection and prevention of cancer
• Community cancer promotion
• The role of palliative therapy in the management
of cancer
• Nutrition – supportive measure to increase the
quality of live
• Pain management of cancer patient
• Drugs for cancer pain
• Futility, end of lie ad discoure of patient
acceptance
• Truth telling
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 The biology of tumor

Normal cells

Malignant cells

Changes:
• Genotypic
• Phenotypic

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 Neoplasia
• Neoplasia  new growth
• Neoplasm: abnormal tissue mass growing
excessively and indefinitely without
coordination with normal tissue
• Behaviour: progressive, useless, independent
from surrounding tissue, unrelated to host
needs, parasitic, autonomic.

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 Related terms

• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia
• Displasia
• Anaplasia
• HAMARTOMA

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 Basic Principles of Cancer Diagnosis

Laboratory Diagnosis:
histopathology, cytology, serologic
Clinical Diagnosis:
physical diagnosis, radiography, endoscopy

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 PERANAN PEMERIKSAAN PATOLOGI ANATOMI

• Pencegahan penyakit :
– Deteksi dini kanker : pap smear, AJH, bilasan & sikatan
bronkus
– Pencegahan penyakit tertentu – penelitian efek zat ttt
(toxisitas& karsinogenik)
• Diagnosis penyakit/kelainan tubuh
– menentukan kepastian jenis penyakit
• Pengelolaan penderita
– Op  Frozen section Hasil menentukan tindakan
• Tindak lanjut
– Follow up Tx (kekambuhan, efek penyinaran, medikasi
dll)
– Registrasi kanker u/ rencana pengelolaan RS
– Tentukan sebab kematian pasien otopsi klinik
JENIS PELAYANAN PATOLOGI
ANATOMI

• HISTOPATOLOGI
• SITOLOGI
• FROZEN SECTION
• HISTOKIMIA
• OTOPSI KLINIK
• IMUNOPATOLOGI
 HISTOPATOLOGI
Asal jaringan : Hasil operasi,biopsi, kerokan,
otopsi, binatang Percobaan
1. Fiksasi
2. Makroskopis
3. Dehidrasi
4. Clearing/penjernihan/dealkoholisasi
5.  Infiltrasi/parafinisasi. :memasukkan paraffin
cair.
6. Embedding/pembuatan blokparaffin
7. Pemotongan dengan mikrotom.
8. Pewarnaan :rutin HE.
Khusus : PAS, Gomori, Sudan, Congo Red,
Alcian Blue dll.
 HISTOPATOLOGI
LAMANYA PROSES
1.  Fiksasi : minimal 24 jam.
2.  Dehidrasi  pewarnaan + 24
jam
3.  Untuk tulang harus dekalsifikasi
dengan asam
nitrat sebelum prosesing.
 Endometrial Polyp

A single polyp extent into endometrial

cavity. The necrotic (arrow) tip is res- Slightly dilated endometrial
ponsible for clinical bleeding. glands embedded in markedly
fibrous stroma.
 FROZEN SECTION

• Frozen section/potong beku.

- dengan Cryocut.
- dengan Co2 beku.
Potong cat HohE Baca
• - hasil pemeriksaan waktu penderita masih
dimeja operasi, menentukan tindakan
selanjutnya.
• Hasil : Ganas , jinak atau borderline.
 SITOLOGI
Tujuan: Skrining &/ menegakkan Dx 
Sitomorfologi
Asal sediaan :
sputum, preparat apus vagina, serviks , asites, efusi
pleura urine, bilasan maupun sikatan bronkus,
AJH(Aspirasi Jarum Halus).
Pengecatan :
Pappaniculou & / Giemsa
Horizontal mammography
 METODA DIAGNOSTIK

TEKNIK - BAJAH
 METODA DIAGNOSTIK

SITOLOGI - BAJAH
 KARSINOMA DUKTAL INVASIF, NOS

A. Gambaran potongan
makroskopis

B. Gambaran mikroskopis