Qtrlss I f c

Ljdsh
C F J F ; @HCF
JHQYDHOF Q Y F J E \ N ;
A526686=2
 Yldrh i f c ndcslp
strlss

Ilohchsh Qtrlss

ndcihsh i h j f c f hcihvhiu e l r f i f i f ` f j
shtufsh
 yfcm p l c ug t l n f c f c f t f u thifn
j l c y l c f c m n f c slghcmmf
jlcmmfcmmu
n l f i f f c ohshd`dmhs, ndmchtho, l j d s h i f c
plrh`fnu hcihvhiu.
 5

Mlkf`f Qtrlss ; 6. Mlkf`f ehd`dmhs i f p f t ihtfcifh

ilcmfc jlchcmnftcyf i l t f n
 kfctucm, tlrmfcmmucyf sf`urfc
6. Mlkf`f ehd`dmhs
 plrcfofsfc, sfnht nlpf`f, j u f ` i f c
5. Mlkf`f pshnd`dmhs mfcmmufc plcalrcffc.

1. Mlkf`f thcmnfg `fnu 5. Mlkf`f pshnd`dmhs jl`hputh

n l a l j f s f c , ljdsh yfcm thifn
stfeh`, j u i f g j f r f g , mumup i f c
j u i f g tlrshcmmucm
1. Mlkf`f thcmnfg `fnu jl`hputh
nlehfsffc j f n f c yfcm thifn
tlrftur, nlml`hsfgfc, i f c
jlcmghcifrh n l f i f f c yfcm
jlclnfc.
 1

Ofntdr R l c y l e f e
strlss (@utgfc J l c u r u t M r l l c w d d i HHH
(522<) ; ifc
M r l l c w d d i Kr ( i f ` f j
Xusuo, 5229) ;
6. Lxtrf drmfchzfthdcf`
strlssdr 
5. Drmfchzfthdcf` strlssdr  f) Ofntdr Ehd`dmhs, strlssdr ehd`dmhs
1. Mrdup strlssdr  j l ` h p u t i ofntdr-ofntdr mlcltin,
9. Hcihvhiuf` strlssdr  p l c m f ` f j f c ghiup, r h t j l ehd`dmhs,
t iiur, j f n f c f c , pdstur tueug,
n l ` l ` f g f c , plcyfnht.
e) Ofntdr Rshnd`dmhs, strlssdr pshnd`dmhs
j l ` h p u t i ofntdr plrslpsh, p l r f s f f c
i f c l j d s h , shtufsh, p l c m f ` f j f c
ghiup, n l pu t us f c ghiup, plrh`fnu
i f c j l ` f r h n f c ihrh.

a) Ofntdr @hcmnucmfc (`ufr

 strlssdr `hcmnucmfc hch
`hcmnucmfc
jl`hputi shn, ehdtin i f c sdahf` 9

Jlcml`d`f strlss

R l c i l n f t f c hcihvhiu yfhtu s l s l d r f c m yfcm e l r u s f g f slcihrh uctun

jlolnctmhou, rycf htmuh `lfthlvgf` sct rolh shcn,y fpl. Ncmm

l hdl̀ ft`ffcc y wcf fmn teul, risuho

nfutchcmifhcvh suifsd h`f a`,u inu`.̀p R l c i l n f t f c drmfchsfsh yfhtu e l e l r f p f

p l c y l e f e i frh strls yfcm elrnfhtf c i l c m f c tuctutfc i fr h tumfs
i f c p l r f c  s l r t f struntur drmfchsfsh yfcm s a j u f c y f i hn l ci f `hnf c
d`lg j f c f k l j l c, saghcmmf ofntdr-ofntdr htu i f p f t ihuefg.
D ` l g n f r l c f htu strftlmh-strftlmh yfcm jucmnhc ihmucfnfc d`lg
j f c f k l j l c  u c t u n jlcmurfcmh s t r l s  n f r y f w f c c y f f i f ` f g j l ` f ` u h
sl`lnsh i f c p l c l j p f t f c , p l c l t f p f c tukufc, r l i l s f h c p l n l r k f f c ,
p l c m f j e h ` f c nlputusfc pfrthshpftho, ndjuchnfsh drmfchsfshdcf`, i f c
prdmrfj nlslkfgtlrffc.
 <

Qtrlss pdshtho i f c clmfthvl

6. ItIhihsftnrljs (cl styrllcs ccf lmmnfftcho.) JQrt llrsu pifhrnffscf nstfrcl sl yeffcmmf hj

sulrfutsuf nl fftiffuf eclrshoft

ihjfcfhcihvhiu j l c m f ` f j h rf sf a l j f s , nltfnutfc, ngfwfthr f t f u
ml`hsfg.Qlghcmmf hcihvhiu j l c m f ` f j h n l f i f f c pshnd`dmhs yfcm
clmftho,jlcyfnhtnfc i f c thjeu` nlhcmhcfc uctun jlcmghcifrhcyf.
5. Lustrls (strls pdshtho)Lustrls elrshoft j l c y l c f c m n f c i f c
jlrupfnfc
 plcmf`fjfcyfcm j l j u f s n f c , orfsl kdy do strls uctun
jlcmucmnfpnfc gf`-gf`yfcm elrshoft pdshtho yfcm thjeu` ifrh
f i f c y f strls. Lustrls ifpftjlchcmnftnfc nlshfmffc j l c t f ` ,
n l w f s p f iff c , ndmchsh ifcplrodrjfcsh nlghiupfc. Lustrls kumf
i f p f t jlchcmnftnfc jdthvfshhcihvhiu uctun jlcahpt f nf c
J l c u r u t Mhesdc inn.(688?), f i f l j p f t

j f a f j strlssdr nlrkf , yfhtu ;

f . Qtrlssdr `hcmnucmfc ohshn. Qtrlssdr hch slrhcm ihsleut

slefmfh strlssdr nlr fg ehru (e`ul-ad``fr strlssdr)
nfrlcf
 ehfsfcyf j l c k f i h j f s f ` f g efmh plnlrkffc-plnlrkffc
nfsfr. Qtrlssdr nlrkf hch ihfctfrfcyf f i f ` f g ofntdr afgfyf,
sufrf, sugu, i f c u i f r f yfcm t l r n l c f pd`ush.

 e. Qtrlssdr hcihvhiuf`. Qtrlssdr hcihvhiuf` tlrihrh ifrh ndco`hn plrfc,

fjehmuhtfs plrfc, elef c nlrkf yfcm elr`lehgfc, i f c
tfcmmucmkfwfe
 plnlrkffc. Ndco`hn p l r f c f i f ` f g strlssdr yfcm jucau` i f c f n f c sljf nhc
jlchcmnft nlthnf slsldrfcm j l c l r h j f plsfc-plsfc yfcm thifn adadn
 elr nlcffc ilcmf c plrh`fnu yfcm slsufh, jhsf `cyf sfkf f i f c y f t lnf cfc
uctun elrmfu` ilcmf c drfcm-drfcm yfcm thifn slsufh ilcm fc ihrh
 =

J l c u r u t Mhesdc inn.(688?), f i f l j p f t

j f a f j strlssdr nlrkf , yfhtu ;

a. Qtrlssdr nl`djpdn. Nfrfntlrhsthn nl`djpdn i f p f t j l c k f i h strlssdr yfcm nuft

efmh hcihvhiu-hcihvhiu tlrtlctu. Nfrfntlrhsthn nl` djpdn yfcm j f j p u j l c k f i h
strlssdr f c t f r f `fhc f i f ` f g gueucmfc yfcm kl`ln fctfr fcmmdtf nl`djpdn (fctfrf
ftfsfc ilcmfc efwfgfc j f u p u c fctfr pf rf efwfgfc) n f r l c f nurfcmcyf
nlplrafyffc fctfr fcmmdtf nl`djpdn, r l c i f g c y f iunucmfc fctfr fcmmdtf
nl`djpdn, i f c n l t h i f n j f j p u f c slrtf n l t h i f n j f u f c fcmmdtf nl`djpdn i f ` f j
j l c y l` l s f h n f c j f s f ` f g yfcm ihgfifph d`lg fcmmdtf nl` djpdn `fhccyf.

i . Qtrlssdr struntur drmfchsfshdcf`. Gf`-gf` yfcm j l c m f n h e f t n f c

ndcihsh l j d s h d c f ` yfcm clmftho f i f ` f g k l` l n c y f struntur drmfchsfsh,
j h s f ` c y f struntur drmfchsfsh yfcm tlr`f`u pfckfcm (struntur yfcm
tlr`f`u ehrdnrfths), f t f u struntur drmfchsfsh yfcm tlr`f`u nfnu, s l r t f
thifn f i f c y f nlehkfnfc ngusus efmh efmh p l n l r k f .

I f j p f n Qtrlss Y l r g f i f p R l n l r k ff c
Queklntho, elrupf
nlngfwfthrfc ftfu nltfnutfc,
fmrlsh, fpfths, rfsf edsfc,
ilprlsh, nl`lthgfc, orustrfsh,
nlgh`fcmfc plcmgfrmffc ihrh
yfcm r l c i f g , mumupnlcif`h
ljdsh,, nlslphfc.
Ndmchtho, elrupf
n l t h i f n j f j p u f c uctun
j l j e u f t nlputusfc yfcm
j f s u n fnf`, i f y f ndcslctrfsh
r l c i f g , nurfcm plrgfthfc,
sfcmft slcshtho t l r g f i f p
7
Rlrh`fnu, elrupf j u i f g
j l c i f p f t nlal`fnffc,
nlafciufc f`ndgd`,
 plcyf`fgmucffc deft,
`ufpfc ljdshdcf`,
jfnfc
ftfu j l r d n d n slafrf
 elr`lehgfc, plrh`fnu
hjpu`sho, t l r t f w f Drmfchsfsh, elrupf fcmnf
mumup. feslcsh, d j s l t ,
 prdiunthvhtfs r l c i f g ,
tlrfshcm, ifrh j h t r f nlrkf,
Ohshd`dmhs, elrupf
n d j h t j l c drmfchsfsh i f c
nfciucmfc m`undsf i f r f g
`dyf`htfs elrnurfcm
jlchcmnft, i l c y u t
kfctucm i f c tlnf cf c
i f r f g jlchcmnft, j u ` u t
nlrhcm,
gfjeftfc jlctf`. j l ` l e f r , pfcfs, i f c ihcmhc.
8

N l a l r i f s f c Ljdshdcf`

N l a l r i f s f c ljdshdcf` i f ` f j efgfsf
hcmmrhs ljdthdcf ` qudthlct, ihshcmnft LV
f i f ` f g n l j f j p u f c slsldrfcm uctun
j l c l r h j f , jlch`fh, jlcm l` d` f , slrtf
jlcmdctrd` lj d s h ihrhcyf i f c drfcm `fhc Jlcurut Gdwfri M f r i c lr (6871) t l r i f p f t ` h j f pdndn u t f j f
ih ifrh n l a l r i f s f c ljdshdcf` slsldrfcm, yfnch j f j p u
slnhtfrcyf. I f ` f j gf` hch, l jd s h j l c m f a u j l c y f i f r h i f c j l c m l ` d ` f lj d s h ihrh slcihrh, jljh`hnh
  p f i f plrf sff c t l r g f i f p hcodrjfsh f n f c n lpl nff c t l r g f i f p ljdsh drfcm `fhc, j f j p u j l r l s p d c i f c
suftu gueucmfc  elrclmdshfsh ilcmfc drfcm `fhc slaf rf ljdshdcf`, slrtf i f p f t

jRflncfmr mnulcpflnjcf hj lpjhcdfsch s[el hmf m[fhhm f`f`fr tj ulccut mnm

fjjlejfrdntfhvcf nshl ialhrrhi.fsfc ljdshdcf` (LV) slefmfh shnfp

(ftthtuil) yfcm `lehg r l ` l v f c ihefcihcmnfc ilcmfc
nla lr if s f c hctl``lntuf` (HV) yfcm ihmfjefrnfc slefmfh
ndjpltlcsh (fpthtuil); "Ht hs ydur ftthtuil (LV), f c i cdt
 62

R lcmftur Ljdsh

Rlcmfturfc l jd s h (ljdthdc rlmu`fthdc) f i f ` f g efmhfc ifrh

`htlrfturl n l a l r i f s f c ljdshdcf` tltfph s ff t hch s l j f n h c ihpl`fkfrh
slefmfh sleufg ndcslp tlrphsfg. N l j f j p u f c j f c f k l j l c ljdsh
f i f ` f g f`ft
 prlihnsh nuft ftfs nhclrkf tumfs efmh e l e l r f p f plnlrkffc ifcplrh`fnu
nlwfrmffc drmfchsfsh (drmfchzfthdcf` ahthzlcghp elgfvhdr).Rfrf
 plcl`hth ifrh plcmfturfc ljdsh slrhcm j l j p l ` f k f r h strftlmh yfcm
jucmnhcihmucfnfc drfcm uctun jlcmuefg ljdshcyf. Xfcm p l r t f j f
f i f ` f g fnthcm p l r j u n f f c , hchthifn jlc m uef g lj d s h slghcmmf loln
 plcmfturfccyf slihnht. Xfcm elrhnutcyf f i f ` f g f n t h c m j l c i f ` f j , hch
`lehg j u r f g slafrf pshnd`dmhs ihefcihcm fnthcm p l r j u n f f c n f r l c f
 plnlrkfslelcfrcyf j l c a d e f j l c m f ` f j h lj d s h tlrsleut.
 66

R lcmftur Ljdsh

A f r f Jlcmlcif`hnfc f tf u
j l c m f t u r l jd s h yfcm ehsf
nhtf adef yfhtu Elrhnut hch
;

• Elrphnhrfc i f c elrshnfp pdshtho 

• Ghcifrh shtufsh yfcm ehsf j l j h a u jucau` cyf l j d s h
• clmfthvl @fnunfc fnthvhtfs yfcm j l c y l c f c m n f c