INTRODUCTION

TO
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Hands on workshop developed for field relay techs practical approach

 Yellow Brick Road

• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITIONS
• PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS
• RATIO SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
• VARIOUS TOPICS
• TEST
Z = V/I --- accurate value of I
DISTANCE ~ Z
 INTRODUCTION
• IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument
Transformers C57.13

• IEEE Guide for the Application of Current

Transformers Used for Protective Relaying
Purposes C37.110
 INTRODUCTION
• Bushing, internal to Breakers and
Transformers
• Free standing, used with live tank breakers.
• Slipover, mounted externally on
breaker/transformers bushings.
• Window or Bar - single primary turn
• Wound Primary
• Optic
 MAGNETO-OPTIC CT
• Light polarization passing through an
optically active material in the presence of a
magnetic field .
• Passive sensor at line voltage is connected
to substation equipment by fiber cable.
• Low energy output used for microprocessor
relays
• Eliminates heavy support for iron.
 DEFINITIONS
• EXCITATION CURVE

• EXCITATION VOLTAGE

• EXCITATION CURRENT

• EXCITATION IMPEDANCE
 DEFINITIONS
• EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM

• POLARITY

• BURDEN

• TERMINAL VOLTAGE

• CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
 DEFINITIONS
• KNEE POINT

• RELAY ACCURACY CLASS

• MULTI-TAPS ACCURACY

• SATURATION ERROR - RATIO/ANGLE

EXCITATION CURVE
 EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM
Ip Rp Xp e Rs Is
g
c
Pri Ie Ze Sec
h
d
f
Ve = EXCITATION VOLTAGE Vef
Ie = CURRENT ( ) read a few values

Ze = IMPEDANCE
Vt = TERMINAL VOLTAGE Vgh
POLARITY - next
 TYPICAL EXCITATION BBC
CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts) Ie(amps) Ze(ohms)
3.0 0.004 750
7.5 0.007 1071
15 0.011 1364
42 ------ -----
85 ------ -----
180 ------ ------
310 ------ 3100
400 0.25 1600
425 ------ ------
450 ------ ------
500 5.0 100.0
520 10.0 52.0
 CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts) Ie(amps) Ze(ohms)
3.0 0.004 750
7.5 0.007 1071
15 0.011 1364
42 0.02 2100
85 0.03 2833
180 0.05 3600
310 0.1 3100
400 0.25 1600
425 0.5 850
450 1.00 450
500 5.0 100.0
520 10.0 52.0
 Zint
Rsec
I2
I1
Ie+I2
Ie

{
RB
N1 I1 EXTERNAL
Ze
N2 BURDEN
LB

POLARITY
 DEFINITIONS
• EXCITATION CURVE
• EXCITATION VOLTAGE
• EXCITATION CURRENT
• EXCITATION IMPEDANCE
• EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
• BURDEN - NEXT
 BURDEN
• The impedances of loads are called BURDEN
• Individual devices or total connected load,
including sec impedance of instrument
transformer.
• For devices burden expressed in VA at
specified current or voltage, the burden
impedance Zb is:
• Zb = VA/IxI or VxV/VA
EXTERNAL BURDEN
Burden: 0.27 VA @ 5A = …….. Ohms
2.51 VA @ 15A = …….. Ohms

{
RB
BURDEN
=
VA / I² LB
QUIZ
I2

RB

CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms

Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire
Relay burden = 0.05 ohms
 DEFINITIONS

• CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
ANSI/IEEE STANDARD FOR
CLASSIFICATION T & C
• CLASS T: CTs that have
significant leakage flux within the
transformer core - class T; wound
CTs, with one or more primary-
winding turns mechanically
encircling the core. Performance
determined by test.
 CLASS C
• CTs with very minimal leakage
flux in the core, such as the
through, bar, and bushing types.
Performance can be calculated.

KNEE POINT
 DEFINITIONS
• KNEE POINT IEEE IEC - effective
saturation point

• Quiz- read a few knee point voltages and also

at 10 amps Ie.
 45° LINE

ANSI/IEEE
Excitation Volts

KNEE POINT
Knee Point Volts

QUIZ: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

 KNEE POINT OR EFFECTIVE
POINT OF SATURATION
• ANSI/IEEE: as the intersection of the curve
with a 45 tangent line
• IEC defines the knee point as the intersection
of straight lines extended from non saturated
and saturated parts of the excitation curve.
• IEC knee is higher than ANSI - ANSI more
conservative.
IEC KNEE POINT

ANSI/IEE
KNEE POINT

EX: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

 DEFINITIONS
• EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
• EXCITATION VOLTAGE, CURRENT,
IMPEDANCE
• TERMINAL VOLTAGE
• BURDEN
• CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
• EXCITATION CURVE
• KNEE POINT IEEE IEC
• ACCURACY CLASS
 CT ACCURACY CLASSIFICATION

The measure of a CT performance is its

ability to reproduce accurately the primary
current in secondary amperes both is wave
shape and in magnitude. There are two
parts:
• Performance on symmetrical ac component.
• Performance on offset dc component. Go over the
paper
 ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY CLASS
• ANSI/IEEE CLASS DESIGNATION C200:
INDICATES THE CT WILL DELIVER A
SECONDARY TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF
200V
• TO A STANDARD BURDEN B - 2 (2.0 )
AT 20 TIMES THE RATED SECONDARY
CURRENT
• WITHOUT EXCEEDING 10% RATIO
CORRECTION ERROR. Pure sine wave
Standard defines max error, it does not specify the actual error.
 ACCURACY CLASS C
STANDARD BURDEN
• ACCURACY CLASS: C100, C200, C400, & C800 AT POWER
FACTOR OF 0.5.
• STANDARD BURDEN B-1, B-2, B-4 AND B-8 THESE
CORRESPOND TO 1, 2, 4 AND 8.
• EXAMPLE STANDARD BURDEN FOR C100 IS 1 , FOR C200
IS 2 , FOR C400 IS 4  AND FOR C800 IS 8 .
• ACCURACY CLASS APPLIES TO FULL WINDING, AND ARE
REDUCED PROPORTIONALLY WITH LOWER TAPS.
• EFFECTIVE ACCURACY =
TAP USED*C-CLASS/MAX RATIO
 AN EXERCISE
• 2000/5 MR C800 tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5 ……………….. ……………...

1500/5 ……………….. ……………...

1100/5 ……………….. ……………...

500/5 ……………….. ……………...

300/5 ……………….. ……………...

 AN EXERCISE
• 2000/5 MR C800 tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5 590 800

1500/5 390 600

1100/5 120 440

500/5 132 200

300/5 78 120
 AN EXERCISE
• 2000/5 MR C400 tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5 ……………….. ……………...

1500/5 ……………….. ……………...

1100/5 ……………….. ……………...

500/5 ……………….. ……………...

300/5 ……………….. ……………...

 AN EXERCISE
• 2000/5 MR C400 tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5 220 400

1500/5 170 300

1100/5 125 220

500/5 55 100

300/5 32 60
 CT SELECTION
ACCURACY CLASS

POINT OF SATURATION :
KNEE POINT
IT IS DESIRABLE TO STAY
BELOW OR VERY CLOSE TO
KNEE POINT FOR THE
AVAILABLE CURRENT.
Recap
 ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY
CLASS C400
• STANDARD BURDEN FOR C400: (4.0 )
• SECONDARY CURRENT RATING 5 A
• 20 TIMES SEC CURRENT: 100 AMPS
• SEC. VOLTAGE DEVELOPED: 400V
• MAXIMUM RATIO ERROR: 10%
• IF BURDEN 2 , FOR 400V, IT CAN SUPPLY
MORE THAN 100 AMPS SAY 200 AMPS
WITHOUT EXCEECING 10% ERROR.
 Zint
Rsec
Isec = 100
I1
Ie+Isec
Ie <10
RB
N1 I1 EXTERNAL
Ze
N2 BURDEN
LB

ACCURACY ACLASS: C200 RATED SEC CURRENT = 5 A

EXTERNALBURDEN = STANDARD BURDEN = 2 .0 OHMS
Ve=200 V Isec = 100 A Ie <10 Amps.
PERFORMANCE

CALCULATIONS
 BUT
THE REST OF US

“SHOW US THE DATA”

 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
• THE MEASURE OF A CT
PERFORMANCE IS ITS ABILITY TO
REPRODUCE ACCURATELY THE
PRIMARY CURRRENT IN SECONDARY
AMPERES - BOTH IN WAVE SHAPE
AND MAGNITUDE …. CORRECT
RATIO AND ANGLE.
CT SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION FOR PHASE FAULTS

600/5 MR Accuracy class C100 is selected

Load Current= 90 A
Max 3 phase Fault Current= 2500 A
Min. Fault Current=350 A

STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
CT Performance using Excitation Curve
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
CT Performance using Excitation Curve

STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
- within short time and continuous current – thermal limits
- max load just under 5A
Load Current= 90 A
CT ratio selection : 100/5
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

STEP: Relay Tap Selection

O/C taps – min pickup , higher than the max. load
167%, 150% of specified thermal loading.
Load Current= 90 A for 100/5 CT ratio = 4.5 A sec.
Select tap higher than max load say = 5.0

How much higher – relay characteristics, experience and

judgment.

Fault current: min: 350/20 = 17.5

Multiple of PU = 17.5/5 = 3.5
Multiple of PU = 17.5/6 = 2.9
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

STEP: Determine Total Burden (Load)

Relay: 2.64 VA @ 5 A and 580 VA @ 100 A

Lead: 0.4 Ohms

Total to CT terminals:

(2.64/5*5 = 0.106) + 0.4 = 0.506 ohms @ 5A

(580/100*100 = 0.058) + 0.4 = 0.458 ohms @ 100 A

 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE
Standard
CT Performance using Excitation
Curve
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

STEP: CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard

Ip Rp Xp e Rs Is
g
c
Pri Ie Ze Sec
h
d

Determine voltage @ max fault current CT must develop

across its terminals gh
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

STEP: Performance – ANSI/IEEE Standard

Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.458 = 57.25

600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective

accuracy class

(100/600) x 100 = ?

CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts.

Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

STEP: Performance – ANSI/IEEE Standard

For microprocessor based relay:
Burden will change from 0.458 to o.4

Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.4 = 50.0

600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective

accuracy class
(100/600) x 100 = ?

CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts.

Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance – ANSI/IEEE Standard
Alternative: use 400/5 CT tap:
Max Load = 90 A
Relay Tap = 90/80 = 1.125 Use: 1.5 relay tap.
Min Fault Multiples of PU=(350/80=4.38, 4.38/1.5= 2.9)
Relay burden at this tap = 1.56 ohms
Total burden at CT terminals = 1.56 + 0.4 = 1.96
Vgh = 2500/80 * 1.96 = 61.25
600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 400/5-- effective accuracy
class is = (400/600) x 100 = ?
CT is capable of developing 66.6 volts. Within CT
capability
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve
ANSI/IEEE ratings “ballpark”. Excitation curve method provides relatively exact
method. Examine the curve

Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance +

relay burden

Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171

For load current 1.5 A:

Vgh = 1.5 * 2.171 = 3.26 V Ie = 0.024
Ip = (1.5+0.024) * 80 = 123 A
well below the min If = 350 A (350/123=2.84 multiple of
pick up)
 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve

For max fault current

Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burden
Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171

Fault current 2500/80 = 31.25 A:

Vgh = 31.25 * 2.171 = 67.84 V Ie = 0.16

Beyond the knee of curve, small amount 0.5% does not significantly
decreases the fault current to the relay.
 TEST I2

RB

Determine CT performance using Excitation Curve

method:
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms
Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire
Relay burden = 0.05 ohms as constant
Fault current = 12500A/18000A
CT CLASS = C400/C800
2000/5 MR current transformer
CT RATIO = 800/5
 AN EXAMPLE – C400
• CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS
• LEAD RESISTANCE 1.5 OHMS
• IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05
OHMS
• FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS
• CT RATIO 800/5
• ACCURACY CLASS C400

• supply curves C400/800

 CALCULATIONS for 12500 A – C400

• BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D -

DEVICES)
• Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160
• Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve
• Plot on C400
 CALCULATIONS for 18000 –C400

• BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D -

DEVICES)
• Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160
• Ve = 209 VOLTS Plot on curve
• Plot on C400
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE C800
• CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS
• LEAD RESISTANCE 1.5 OHMS
• IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05
OHMS
• FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS
• CT RATIO 800/5
• ACCURACY CLASS C800

• supply curves C400/800

 CALCULATIONS for 12500 A – C800

• BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D -

DEVICES)
• Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160
• Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve
• Plot on C800
 CALCULATIONS for 18000 A –C800

• BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D -

DEVICES)
• Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160
• For 18,000 A (Ve =209 V) Plot on curve
• Plot on C800
 FAULT CURRENT
MAGNITUDES
• 25 -33 KA 8
• 20 - 25 KA 10
• 12.5 -20 KA 46
• 20 - 25 KA 35
• 10 -12.5 KA 35
• <10 KA +150

REFER TO PAGE 6 OF PAPER

RED DELICIOUS

C400

ZONE1
Z = V/A

DISTANCE ~Z
 STANDARD DATA FROM
MANUFACTURER
• ACCURACY:
– RELAY CLASS C200
– METERING CLASS, USE 0.15%
– 0.3%, 0.6% & 1.2% AVAIALABLE BUT NOT
RECOMMENDED
– 0.15% MEANS +/- 0.15% error at 100%
rated current and 0.30% error at 10% of rated
current ( double the error)
 STANDARD DATA FROM
MANUFACTURER
• CONTINUOUS (Long Term) rating
– Primary

– Secondary, 5 Amp ( 1Amp)

– Rating factor (RF) of 2.0 provides Twice

Primary and Secondary rating continuous at
30degrees
 STANDARD DATA FROM
MANUFACTURER
• SHORT TIME TERMINAL RATINGS
Transmission Voltage Applications
– One Second Rating = 80% Imax Fault, based
on IxIxT=K where T=36 cycles & I=Max fault
current
Distribution Voltage Applications
One Second Rating = Maximum Fault Current
level
 RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
• CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED
CONNECTED WIRING AND RELAY
RATINGS AT MAXIMUM LOAD. NOTE
DELTA CONNECTD CT’s PRODUCE
CURRENTS IN CABLES AND RELAYS
THAT ARE 1.732 TIMES THE
SECONDARY CURRENTS
 RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
• SELECT RATIO TO BE GREATER
THAN THE MAXIMUM DESIGN
CURRENT RATINGS OF THE
ASSOCIATED BREAKERS AND
TRANSFORMERS.
 RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

• RATIOS SHOULD NOT BE SO HIGH AS

TO REDUCE RELAY SENSITIVITY,
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AVAILABLE
RANGES.
 RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

• THE MAXIMUM SECONDARY

CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20
TIMES RATED CURRENT. (100 A FOR
5A RATED SECONDARY)
 RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

• HIGHEST CT RATIO PERMISSIBLE

SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE
WIRING BURDEN AND TO OBTAIN
THE HIGHEST CT CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE.
 RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

• FULL WINGING OF MULTI-RATIO

CT’s SHOULD BE SELECTED
WHENEVER POSSIBLE TO AVOID
LOWERING OF THE EFFECTIVE
ACCURACY CLASS.
 TESTING
• Core Demagnetizing
– The core should be demagnetized as the final
test before the equipment is put in service.
Using the Saturation test circuit, apply enough
voltage to the secondary of the CT to saturate
the core and produce a cecondary currrent of 3-
5 amps. Slowly reduce the voltage to zero
before turning off the variac.
 TESTING
• Saturation
– The saturation point is reached when there is a rise
in the test current but not the voltage.
 TESTING
• Flashing
• This test checks the polarity of the CT

• Ratio
• Insulation test