Projections of Points and Lines

1. Aim
2. Notations
3. Quadrant Theory
4. A point in different Quadrants
5. Projection of a Points
6. Lines - Important Information
7. Simple cases of Lines-Illustration
8. Lines inclined to one Plane - Illustration
9. Simple cases of Lines
10. Problems
11. ILLUSTRATION – Lines inclined to both planes
12. Five problems Group (A)
13. Information Group (B)
14. Traces
15. Problems 7 nos. Group (B)
16. Lines in Auxiliary Planes Group (C) Information
17. Problems Group (C)
18. Application of Lines Information
19. Problems (10 nos.)
20. Lines in Different Quadrants
 NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.
 VP
2 nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
 POINT A IN
2ND QUADRANT
Point A is VP VP
Placed In
A
a’ a’ POINT A IN
different A 1 QUADRANT
ST
quadrants a
and it’s Fv & Tv
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER
HP OBSERVER
Observer to see
clearly.
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
a
direction.The
In front part of
Hp comes below
xy line and the
HP
HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER
part behind Vp
comes above.

Observe and a
note the a’
A a’
process. A POINT A IN
POINT A IN
3 QUADRANT
RD
VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv For Tv

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
For
A F v
Y Y
Y For
F v a a’
a
X a X X A For
F v

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

HP HP HP
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.

A) SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

B) LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV
OF LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.
 For Tv
(Pictorial Presentation)
a’ Orthographic Pattern
. A Note: V.P.
1. V.P FV Fv is a vertical line
a’
Showing True Length Fv
A Line b’ &
perpendicular Y Tv is a point. b’
Fo
to Hp B rF
v
& X Y
TV a b
// to Vp X

Tv a b

H.P.
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv
Orthographic Pattern
2. Note: V.P.
.
A Line V.P F.V
.
b’ Fv & Tv both are
a’ Fv b’
B // to xy
// to Hp a’ &
& Y both show T. L.
A
// to Vp Fo
rF
v X Y
b

X V.
T. a b
a
Tv

H.P.
 Fv inclined to xy V.P.
3. . P . b’
V Tv parallel to xy. b’
A Line inclined to Hp B

V.
.

F.
and F.V
 Y

parallel to Vp a’ a’

X Y
(Pictorial presentation) A b
. a b
X
T.V T.V.
a

H.P.
Orthographic Projections
4. Tv inclined to xy V.P.
.P .
V . b’ Fv parallel to xy.
A Line inclined to Vp F.V Fv
a’ a’ b’
and
parallel to Hp A
Ø
B
(Pictorial presentation) X Y
Ø a Ø
a b
T.V.
Tv

b
H.P.
 PROBLEMS ON
SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINES

&

LINES INCLINED TO ONE PLANE,

PARALLEL TO OTHER PLANE.
PROBLEM 1. PROBLEM 2.
Line AB, 60 mm long, is perpendicular to Hp and parallel to Vp. If in previous case end A of line AB is 20 mm
Draw it’s projections if end A is on HP and 30 mm in front of Vp above Hp, draw it’s projections.
while end B is above Hp.
b’

b’

60 mm (TL)
FV FV
60 mm (TL)

a’
25
a’
x y x y

30 30

ab TV
ab
TV
PROBLEM 3.
Line AB, 60 mm long, is parallel to HP and VP both.
It is 15 mm above Hp and 25 mm in front of Vp.
Draw it’s projections.
Line is in 1st Quadrant
Fv above xy & Tv below xy line.

FV
a’ b’
15
x y

25

a b
TV
60
PROBLEM 4.
Line AB, 60 mm long, is parallel to HP and VP both.
It is 15 mm above Hp and 30 mm behind Vp.
Draw it’s projections and state the quadrant in which it is lying.

TV
a b

Line is in 2nd Quadrant

FV 30
a’ b’ Fv & Tv both are above xy line.
15
x y

60
PROBLEM 5.
Line AB, 60 mm long, is parallel to HP and VP both.
The line is in Hp and 25 mm in front of Vp.
Draw it’s projections.

a’ FV b’
x y

25 mm

a b
TV
60
PROBLEM 6: Line AB, 60 mm long is
contained by both Hp & Vp. Draw it’s
projections.

a’ FV b’
x Y
a b
TV

60
 Problem 7 : Line AB, 70 mm long and 400 inclined
to Hp is parallel and 25 mm in front of Vp. If end A
is 15 mm above Hp, draw it’s projections.
b’

T L)
(
FV Line is in 1st Quadrant
Fv above xy & Tv below xy line.
0 )
a’ (40

15
x y

25

a b
TV
Problem 8 : Line AB, 70 mm long is inclined to Vp
& is in Hp. If end A is 15 mm in front of Vp & it’s
Fv measures 50 mm in length, draw it’s projections
and find it’s inclination with Vp.

Line may be in 1st or 4th

Quadrant as Fv on xy
50 but Tv is below xy line.

a’ b’
x FV y
15
Answer
a
Ø = Inclination with Vp
Ø

TL
=7
0m
m
(T
v)
b
Problem 9 : Line AB, 70 mm long and 400 inclined b
to Vp is parallel and 25 mm below Hp. If end A is 15
mm behind Vp, draw it’s projections.
V)
(T
TL

Ø (400)
a
15 Line is in 3rd Quadrant
x y Fv below xy & Tv above xy line.

25

a’ b’
FV
Problem 10 : Line AB is 400 inclined to Hp is
parallel and 25 mm in front of Vp. It’s Tv measures
50 mm. If end A is in Hp and 25 mm in front of Vp,
draw it’s projections & find True Length of line AB.

b’

Line is in 1st Quadrant

TL
& Fv above xy & Tv below xy line.
FV

0 )
40
x a’ ( y

25
Answer: Fv is TL
TV
a b

50
Problem 11 : Line AB, 70 mm long and 400 inclined
to Hp is lying in Vp. If end A is in Hp, draw it’s
projections. Consider end B above Hp.

b’

Line may be in 1st or 2nd

) Quadrant as Fv is above xy
L
(T
FV and Tv on xy line.

0 )
a’ (40
x y
a TV b
 Problem 12 : Line AB, 70 mm long and 400
inclined to Hp. It is parallel and 25 mm behind
Vp. If end A is 15 mm above Hp,draw it’s
projections.
b’

)
L
(T Line is in 2nd Quadrant
FV as Fv and Tv both are
a b above xy line.
TV
0)
a’  (40
25
15
x y
 Problem 13 : Line AB, 400 inclined to Hp is parallel and 25
mm in front of Vp. End A is 40mm below Hp. If it’s Tv is 50
mm long, draw it’s projections and find it’s True Length.

50

x y

25
Line is in 4th Quadrant
TV
a b as Fv and Tv both are
below xy line.
15
a’
(
40 0
) Answer:
FV
Fv = True Length
(T
L
)

b’
 For Tv
5. A Line inclined to both
For Tv
b’ Hp and Vp
. (Pictorial presentation)
V.P b’
B .
V.P
.
F.V

 B

.
Y

F. V
a’ For 
On removal of object Y
Fv
i.e. Line AB a’ For
A Fv as a image on Vp. Fv
 Tv as a image on Hp,
X A
a T.V. b 
X
V.P. a T.V. b
b’
FV
a’ 

X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
To see Tv clearly, HP is a  (No view is parallel to xy)
rotated 900 downwards, Both Fv & Tv are reduced
Hence it comes below xy. TV lengths.
(No view shows True Length)
H.P. b
 Orthographic Projections Note the procedure
Means Fv & Tv of Line AB When Fv & Tv known, Note the procedure
are shown below, How to find True Length. When True Length is known,
with their apparent Inclinations (Views are rotated to determine How to locate Fv & Tv. (Component a-1
True Length & it’s inclinations of TL is drawn which is further rotated
&
with Hp & Vp). to determine Fv)
V.P. V.P. V.P.
b’ b’ b 1’
b’ b1’
FV FV
Fv
TL TL
a’  a’  
a’  1’
X Y X Y
X Y

a  b2 1
a  TV a Ø

TV TV TL
Tv
H.P. b H.P. b
H.P. b b1

Here TV (ab) is not // to XY line In this sketch, TV is rotated

Hence it’s corresponding FV
a’ b’ is not showing
True Length &
True Inclination with Hp.
and made // to XY line.
Hence it’s corresponding
FV a’ b1’ Is showing
True Length
&
True Inclination with Hp.
Here a -1 is component
of TL ab1 gives length of Fv.
Hence it is brought Up to
Locus of a’ and further rotated
to get point b’. a’ b’ will be Fv.
Similarly drawing component
of other TL(a’ b1‘) Tv can be drawn.
The most important diagram showing graphical relations
1) True Length ( TL) – a’ b1’ & a b
among all important parameters of this topic.
Study and memorize it as a CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2) Angle of TL with Hp -  Important
TEN parameters
And use in solving various problems. 3) Angle of TL with Vp – Ø to be remembered
4) Angle of FV with xy –  with Notations
V.P. used here onward
Distance between 5) Angle of TV with xy – 
End Projectors.
b’ b1’ 6) LFV (length of FV) – Component (a-1)
7) LTV (length of TV) – Component (a’-1’)
Fv
8) Position of A- Distances of a & a’ from xy
TL
9) Position of B- Distances of b & b’ from xy


10) Distance between End Projectors
a’ 1’
LTV
NOTE this
X Y &  Construct with a’
a LFV 1 Ø&  Construct with a
Ø b’ & b1’ on same locus.

b & b1 on same locus.
Tv TL

Also Remember
True Length is never rotated. It’s horizontal component
b b1 is drawn & it is further rotated to locate view.
H.P.
Views are always rotated, made horizontal & further
extended to locate TL,  & Ø
 PROBLEMS ON

LINES INCLINED TO
BOTH REFERENCE PLANES.
MEANS
INCLINED TO HP AND VP.
 GROUP (A)
PROBLEM 1) GENERAL CASES OF THE LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP
( based on 10 parameters).
Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 300 &
400 Inclined to Hp & Vp respectively.
End A is 12mm above Hp and 10 mm b’ b’1
in front of Vp.
Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant.
FV
SOLUTION STEPS: TL
1) Draw xy line and one projector.
2) Locate a’ 12mm above xy line
a’ 
& a 10mm below xy line.
3) Take 300 angle from a’ & 400 from
a and mark TL I.e. 75mm on both
lines. Name those points b1’ and b1
X Y
respectively. a Ø
LFV
1
4) Join both points with a’ and a
resp.
5) Draw horizontal lines (Locus) from
both points.
6) Draw horizontal component of TL
a b1 from point b1 and name it 1. TV TL
( the length a-1 gives length of Fv
as we have seen already.)
7) Extend it up to locus of a’ and
rotating a’ as center locate b’ b b1
as shown. Join a’ b’ as Fv.
8) From b’ drop a projector down
PROBLEM 2:
Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with Vp while it’s Fv makes 55 0.
End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp.If line is in 1 st quadrant
draw it’s projections and find it’s inclination with Hp. b’ b’1LOCUS OF b1’
Solution Steps:-
1.Draw x-y line.
2.Draw one projector for a’ & a
3.Locate a’ 10mm above x-y &

FV
Tv a 15 mm below xy. TL
4.Draw a line 450 inclined to xy 55 0
from point a and cut TL 75 mm
on it and name that point b1

Draw locus from point b1 a’
5.Take 550 angle from a’ for Fv
above xy line. X y
6.Draw a vertical line from b1
up to locus of a and name it 1.
It is horizontal component of a LFV
1

45 0
TL & is LFV.
7.Continue it to locus of a’ and


rotate upward up to the line
of Fv and name it b’.This a’ b’
line is Fv.
8. Drop a projector from b’ on
locus from point b1 and

TV
name intersecting point b.

TL
Line a b is Tv of line AB.
9.Draw locus from b’ and from
a’ with TL distance cut point b1‘
10.Join a’ b1’ as TL and measure LOCUS OF b
it’s angle at a’. b b1
It will be true angle of line with HP.
PROBLEM 3: Fv
of line AB is 50 inclined to xy and measures 55
0

mm long while it’s Tv is 600 inclined to xy line. If

end A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of b’ b’1
Vp, draw it’s projections,find TL, inclinations of line
with Hp & Vp.

FV
SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Draw xy line and one projector. TL
2.Locate a’ 10 mm above xy and
a 15 mm below xy line. 500

3.Draw locus from these points.
a’
4.Draw Fv 500 to xy from a’ and
mark b’ Cutting 55mm on it. X y
5.Similarly draw Tv 600 to xy
from a & drawing projector from b’ a
Locate point b and join a b. 
6.Then rotating views as shown, 600
locate True Lengths ab1 & a’b1’
and their angles with Hp and Vp.

Tv
TL

b1
b
 PROBLEM 4 :-
Line AB is 75 mm long .It’s Fv and Tv measure 50 mm & 60 mm long respectively.
End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp. Draw projections of line AB
if end B is in first quadrant.Find angle with Hp and Vp.
b’ b’1

SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Draw xy line and one projector.

FV
2.Locate a’ 10 mm above xy and TL
a 15 mm below xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points.
4.Cut 60mm distance on locus of a’  LTV 1’
& mark 1’ on it as it is LTV. a’
5.Similarly Similarly cut 50mm on
locus of a and mark point 1 as it is LFV.
X Y
6.From 1’ draw a vertical line upward
a LFV
and from a’ taking TL ( 75mm ) in 1

compass, mark b’1 point on it.
Join a’ b’1 points.
7. Draw locus from b’1
8. With same steps below get b1 point
and draw also locus from it.
9. Now rotating one of the components
TV

TL
I.e. a-1 locate b’ and join a’ with it
to get Fv.
10. Locate tv similarly and measure
Angles 
& 
b1
b