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NAMRATA SENGUPTA
MDS(II)
GUIDED BY: Dr. SACHIN SARODE
PRESENTED ON: 28th May, 2021
Periapicallesions are among the most frequently diagnosed apical odontogenic
pathologies in human teeth.
• Trauma (hyperocclusion)
• Irrigants
• Instrumentation
Symptoms of periapical pathosis
Clinical Radiological
Generally
examination: symptoms
• Anamnesis: • Vitality test: • Loss of lamina
• acute: pain, usually negative dura
swelling
• chronic: mild or
no symptoms
DISEASES OF THE PERIAPICAL TISSUE
• Periapical Cyst
Apical periodontal cyst
• Chronic
Periapical Abscess • Phoenix Abscess
• Acute
Osteomyelitis • Chronic
• Garre’s
DISEASES OF THE PERIAPICAL TISSUE
All PCs are associated with non-vital teeth and identified at the apices of teeth.
Either carious process or trauma triggers the residual epithelial remnants at the
periapical region and stimulates and proliferates the remnants, leading to cyst
formation.
Phase of initiation
Phase of cyst formation
Phase of enlargement
Clinical features
Most are asymptomatic
No symptoms associated with the development of a cyst, except those incidental to necrosis of the pulp.
Rushton body: hyaline body: they are tiny, linear arc shaped, amorphous,
eosinophilic and brittle
Connective tissue wall: compressed collagen bundles that often
appear compressed
Variable number of fibroblasts and blood vessels
Characteristic chronic inflammatory infiltrate adjacent to epithelium
in connective tissue
At times: cholesterol clefts and dystrophic calcifications
CHOLESTEROL CLEFTS &
CRYSTALS
Cholesterol is a steroid alcohol found in all tissue types. It is the main component of cell
membranes.
Cholesterol crystals can be found in odontogenic cysts, especially radicular cysts. The
cystic fluid with cholesterol crystals is gold- or straw-coloured clinically and is crystalline
diamond (rhomboid) in shape when viewed under a microscope.
If a tissue with cholesterol crystal is stained with H & E, needle-shaped clefts, also
called cholesterol clefts, are revealed.
The prevalence of cholesterol crystals was reported in the range of 18%–44% (Nair et
al. 1998) being higher in inflammatory odontogenic cysts and lower in non-
inflammatory cysts.
The inflammatory process is likely to have an important role in the formation of
cholesterol crystal.
Cholesterol crystals showing typical rectangular shaped
crystals with notched corner under light microscope.
CHOLESTEROL CLEFTS
Cystic lumen: watery, straw coloured, blood tinged fluid to semi
solid materials
Low protein concentration
At times: cholesterol and keratin
Rarely blood
Treatment
Similar to granuloma
PCs are usually managed with conventional root canal treatment with
periapical surgery; that is, apicoectomy (removal of tooth apex).
Extraction with curettage is another mode of treatment.
Inadequate curettage may lead to persistent radiolucent cavity
(residual cyst).
If thoroughly removed: no recurrence
If untreated: increases in size and more bone resorption
Periapical Abscess
Acute or chronic suppurative process of dental periapical region
Cause: pulpal infection spreads periapically
Symptoms:
- At the onset, the tooth may be tender to the touch. As inflammation
progresses, the tooth may be elevated in its socket and may become
sensitive.
- The mucosa over the radicular area may be sensitive to palpation and
may appear red and swollen.
OSTEOMYELITIS
1) primary
2) secondary
Non suppurative
Diffuse
Garre’s osteomyelitis
Actinomycotic osteomyelitis
Radiation osteomyelitis
Acute Osteomyelitis
complications: fracture
chronic osteomyelitis
Histopathology
Treatment : IV antibiotics
Chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
Seen in adults, mandible
Increased radiopacity develops around the sites of chronic infection
Restricted to a single site but may be multifocal
Pain and swelling are not typical
Pathogenesis
Bacteria spread through cancellous bone with preforation of cortex
At this site the periosteum is elevated from cortical surface with
localised deposition of periosteal new bone
Diagnosis and treatment
For a definitive should diagnosis, microbial culture should be
positive and antibiotics given should be appropriate
Altun O, Dedeoğlu N, Umar E, Yolcu Ü, Acar AH. Condensing osteitis lesions in Eastern Anatolian Turkish population. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Radiol. 2014 May;2(2):17-20.
Treatment
Endodontic treatment or extraction of the involved tooth
Garre’s osteomyelitis
Unique type of osteomyelitis
Caused by less virulent bacteria
Radiographically, localised thickening of periosteum and deposition of laminated
subperiosteal bone
Garre’s osteomyelitis is a well-documented pathologic entity in the dental literature.
Because the majority of the reported cases are sequel to an odontogenic infection due to
caries, the disease is most often associated with a deep carious lesion and peirapical
pathology
Etiology
1. Dental caries
2. Secondary to periodontal infection
3. Fractures
4. Malignant tumors
Clinical features
Seen in younger individuals
Hard swelling, generally affecting the mandible
Radiographically, radiopacity with occasional radiolucency
Cortex is thickened with new bone formation
Periosteum shows development of several rows of reactive vital bone
parallel to each other
Histopathology
Lesional tissue shows formation of highly dense connective tissue –
occupying bone marrow
Reactive woven bone formation seen in parallel rows
No sequestration
Less inflammatory cells
Histolopathology of the biopsied tissue reveals reactive bone
formation together with findings of chronic inflammation .
Treatment
Endodontic treatment or extraction of the involved tooth
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