BUILDING SERVICES I

Quantitative aspects of water

 QUANTITY OF WATER
• Involves assumption of many variable factors
• Data to be collected
– Rate of demand – water requirements for various
uses are analyzed and rate of consumption per
head is worked out
– Population – Persons to be served are calculated
and estimate of future population is worked out
RATE OF DEMAND
 Rate of demand
• Small quantity of water is required for
personal use
• Demand for other purposes depend on
standard of living
 Rate of demand

Civic or Business or Loss and

Domestic Industrial
public trade waste
 Domestic purpose:

Drinkin Cookin Bathing Washing and Other uses

sanitary (gardening
g g (30-40 purposes
, domestic
(55-70
(2ltr/he (5ltr/he ltrs/he ltrs/head/da animals,
ad/day) ad/day) ad/day) y) etc.)
 Civic or public use
• Road washing
– to prevent dust, 5 ltrs/head/day
• Sanitation
– Cleaning public sanitary blocks, large markets
– Carrying liquid wastes from houses
– 2-3 ltrs/head/day
• Ornamental
– Fountains, ponds
• Fire demand – 1ltr/head/day
 Industrial purposes
• Factories
– Depends on nature of product, size, etc
– Water recycling possible
• Power stations
– Huge quantities
– Situated away from cities
• Railways and airports
– Make their own arrangements
– Upto 70 ltrs/head/day
 Other factors
• Business or trade
– Dairies, hotels, restaurants, schools, hospitals,
theatres etc. require large quantity of water
– Depends on population – 15 to 25 ltrs/head/day
• Loss and waste
– Termed as unaccounted requirement
– Careless use, leakage etc
– Estimated as 30-40% of per capita consumption
– Possible to bring down to 10-15%
 External factors
• Climatic conditions
– Requirement is more during summer
• Cost of water
– Higher the cost, lower the rate of demand
• Distribution pressure
– Consumption increases with increase in pressure due to
increase in loss and waste at high pressure
• Habits of population
– Consumption rate will be more in areas having better
standard of living of persons.
 External factors
• Industries
– Presence or absence of industries affect the rate of demand in
a particular area
• Quality of water
– Improvement in quality may result in the increase of rate of
consumption
• Size of city
– Smaller the city, lower the demand if there are no other water
consuming activities
• System of supply
– Intermittent supply system will reduce rate of demand
 AS PER NBC 2005
• For communities with population upto 20,000 and
without flushing system:
– Water supply through stand post – 40 lphd
– Water supply through house service connection – 70 to
100 lphd
• For communities with population 20,000 to 100,000
together with full flushing system – 100 to 150 lphd
• For communities with population above 100,000
together with full flushing system – 150 to 200 lphd
Buildings other than residences
Type of building Water requirement (ltrs/day)
1 Cinema or concert hall 15 per seat
2 Factories 50 per worker
3 Hospitals with less than 100 beds 340 per bed
4 Hospitals with more than 100 beds 450 per bed
5 Hostels 135 per head
6 Hotels 180 per bed
7 Medical quarters 135 per head
8 Offices 45 per head
9 Restaurants 70 per head
10 Schools 45 per student
POPULATION
 Estimating population
• Population indicates total number of human
beings residing in a certain area.
• Project must accommodate future population
• Present population and growth rate is
obtained from census records
• Future period for which the project is
designed is known as period of design
• Usually taken as 20-30 years