Unit – 1 (Introduction to OOAD)

• An overview of object oriented systems

development.
• Object basics
• object oriented systems development life
cycle
Important Programming Models

• Procedure Oriented Algorithms

• Object Oriented  Classes & Objects
 Algorithm Analysis

1.Space efficiency

2.Time efficiency
2.1 Worst case efficiency
2.2 Best case efficiency
2.3 Average case efficiency
 Algorithm analysis (Continued…)

1. Worst case efficiency

It is the efficiency for worst case input ( worst case
input is the one for which the algorithm runs longest).
2. Best case efficiency
It is the efficiency for best case input ( best case input is
the one for which the algorithm runs fastest).
3. Average case efficiency
It is the efficiency for Average case input
 Algorithm analysis (Continued…)

Case 1:
If the algorithm is depending only on the input size ,
we need not to find best,worst and average case efficiencies
separately.

Case 2:
If the algorithm is depending not only on the input
size ,but also some factors then find we have to fine
worst,best and average case efficiencies separately.
• Differentiate OOP, OOA & OOD.
 Object Oriented Programming

• A language is object oriented if and only if

it satisfies the following requirements:
1.Supports objects
2.Objects have a class
3.Class may inherit attributes from super class.
 Object Oriented Analysis

• It is a method of analysis that examines

requirements from the users.

….contd
 Object Oriented Design

• It leads to an object –oriented

decomposition.
• Uses different notations to express
different models.
 Introduction
• System development refers to all activities that
produces the solution.

• System development activities consists of

analysis, modeling, design, implementation, testing &
maintenance.

• A software development methodology is a

series of processes that, if followed , can lead to the
development of an application.
 Object Model
• The main principles of object model are
a) abstraction
b) encapsulation
c) modularity
d) hierarchy
e) typing
f) concurrency
g) persistence
Major Elements of Object Model
a) abstraction
b) encapsulation
c) modularity
d) hierarchy
Minor Elements of Object Model

a) typing
b) concurrency
c) persistence
 a) What is Abstraction?

• It focuses upon the essential characteristics of

objects.
• (e.g.) Project Abstract
 b) What is Encapsulation?
• Hides the details of the implementation (data &
procedure) of an object
(e.g.) Hides the details of the implementation from
clients.
- Provides the interface.
 c) What is Modularity?
• The breaking up of something complex
into manageable pieces

Effective Modular design

1.Cohesion
2.Coupling
 d-1) What is Hierarchy?
• Ranking or Ordering of abstraction

Increasing
abstraction Vehicle

Car

Ford

Decreasing Mustang Taurus Thunderbird

abstraction

Elements at the same level of the hierarchy

should be at the same level of abstraction
 d-2) What is Hierarchy?

• At the top of the hierarchy are the most

general classes.
• At the bottom are the most specific.
• A subclass inherits all of the properties &
methods from the superclass.
 e) Typing
• It is the enforcement of the class of an
object, such that objects different types
may not be interchanged, or at the most ,
they may be interchange only in very
restricted ways.

• Strong typing prevents mixing

abstractions.
 f) Concurrency
• It allows different objects to act at the
same time.

• It’s the property that distinguishes an

active object from one that is not active.
 g) Persistence
• It is the property of an object through
which the object continues exists after its
creator ceases to exists and / or the
objects location moves from the address
phase in which it was created.
 Basic Concepts of Object
Orientation
• Object
• Class
• Attribute (Property)
• Method (Procedure)
• Inheritance
• Interface (Polymorphism)
• Relationships
 1a) What is an Object?
• It is a combination of data & logic that
represents some real world entity, either
physical, conceptual, or software

– Physical entity (e.g.) car

– Conceptual entity (e.g.) chemical process

Software entity (e.g.) linked list

 1b) Representing Objects
• An object is represented as rectangles
with underlined names

: Professor

ProfessorNandhini
Class Name Only
Professor Nandhini
ProfessorNandhini: Object Name Only
Professor
Class and Object Name
 2a) What is a Class?

• A class is a set of objects with common

properties (attributes), behavior (operations),
and relationships
- An object is an instance of a class
 2b) Representing Classes
• A class is represented using a
compartmented rectangle

a + b = 10
Professor

ProfessorRani
 2c) Class Compartments
• A class is comprised of three sections
– The first section contains the class name
– The second section shows the structure
(attributes)
– The third section shows the behavior
(operations)
Class Name Professor
name
Attributes empID
Operations create( )
save( )
delete( )
change( )
 2d)The Relationship Between
Classes and Objects

• Objects are grouped into classes

Objects Class

Professor

Professor Smith Professor Mellon

Professor Jones
 3 What is an Attribute?
• Another name – properties
• It describe the state (data) of an object.

• Example

Class
Car
Cost
Attributes
Color
Manufacturer
Model
4) What is method (or) procedure?
• Define its behavior (what an object is
capable of doing).

CourseOffering
Class
addStudent
deleteStudent
getStartTime
Operation getEndTime
 5a) Inheritance
• It allows objects to be built from other
objects.
• It is a relationalship between classes.
(one class is the parent of other (derived)
class.
• The parent class is also known as the
base class (or) superclass.
5b) Example: Single Inheritance
• One class inherits from another
Ancestor

Account
Superclass balance
(parent) name
number

Withdraw()
CreateStatement()
Generalization
Relationship

Checking Savings

Subclasses Withdraw() GetInterest()

Withdraw()
Descendents
 5c) Multiple Inheritance
• Some OO systems permit a class to inherit its
state (attributes) and behaviors from more than
one super class.
Vehicle

Truck Car Bus

Utility Vehicle
5d) Example: Multiple Inheritance
• A class can inherit from several other
classes
FlyingThing Animal

multiple
inheritance

Airplane Helicopter Bird Wolf Horse

Use multiple inheritance only when needed, and

always with caution !
 6) What is Polymorphism ?

• Poly means “many”

• Morph means “form”
• Polymorphism  the same operation may
behave differently on different classes.
• Booch defines Polymorphism as the
relationship of objects of many different classes
by some common superclass.
 7a) Relationships

• Association
– Aggregation

• Dependency

• Generalization

• Realization
 7b)Relationships: Association
• It represents the relationships between objects &
classes.
Association Name

Professor Works for University

Association
Role Names

Class Professor University

Employee Employer
 7c)Relationships: Association
• It is rendered as a solid line.
• It has a name & a role.
Name Direction
ASSOCIATION NAMES
Name
Works for
Person Company

Association

Association Role Name

ROLES

Person Company

Employee Employer
7d)Relationships: Aggregation

• A special form of association that models a

whole-part relationship between an
aggregate (the whole) and its parts
 7e) Relationships: Aggregation
• (e.g.)

Whole Part

College Department

Aggregation
 7f) Relationships: Aggregation
• (e.g.) a car object of other objects such as
engine, seat and wheel objects.

Car

Engine Seat wheel

 7g) Relationships: Dependency
• A relationship between two model elements where a
change in one may cause a change in the other
• Non-structural, “using” relationship

Class Client Supplier

Dependency relationship
7h) Relationships: Generalization
• It is a relationship between a general thing
(called the superclass or parent) & a more
specific kind of that thing (called the
subclass or child)

• Generalization is an “is-a-kind of”

relationship
 7j) Relationships: Generalization
Shape
Base class
origin
move( )
resize( )
Generalization display( )

Rectangle Circle Polygon

Corner : Point Corner : Point Points : List

Display

Square Leaf class

 7k) Relationships: Realization

b) It is used for tracebility

Canonical form

Use Case Use-Case Realization

8) Review: Introduction to Object Orientation

• What are the four basic principles of object

orientation? Provide a brief description of each.
• What is an Object and what is a Class? What is the
difference between them?
• What is an Attribute?
• What is an Operation?
• What is an Interface? What is Polymorphism?
• Name the 4 basic UML relationships and describe
each.
• Describe the strengths of object orientation.

(continued)
 Software Development Life
Cycle
• System development refers to all activities that
produces the solution.

• System development activities consists of

analysis, modeling, design, implementation, testing &
maintenance.

• A software development methodology is a

series of processes that, if followed , can lead to the
development of an application.
2e) Software Development Process
– Linear Sequential Model (Or) Waterfall model

– Prototyping model

– Evolutionary Model
• Incremental model
• Spiral model
• WIN - WIN model

– Object oriented model

Linear Sequential Model

System/information
engineering

analysis design code test

(e.g.) The waterfall software development process

What

How

Do It

Test

Use
 Prototyping Model

Customer
Communication Quick Design

Customer
evaluation of Build
Prototype Prototype
 Incremental Model
increment 1

analysis design code test delivery of

1st increment

analysis design code test delivery of

increment 2
2nd increment

increment 3 analysis design code test delivery of

3rd increment

increment 4 analysis design code test

delivery of
4th increment

calendar time
 Spiral Model
Pla nn in g
Risk Ana lysis

C usto m e r
Co m m unic a tio n

Eng ine e ring

C usto m e r
Eva lua tio n Co nstruc tio n & Re le a se
 3a) OO System Development : A Usecase
Driven Approach

Build a Use-Cases
model

Object analysis

Validate test

Using CASE Design classes,defne Build object

TOOLs User attributes and methods model
and/or OO satisfaction &
programming Quality test User satisfaction Build User Interface
languages
& Quality test & Prototype
3b) OO System Development : A
Usecase Driven Approach

• OO System Development includes the

following activities:
– OO Analysis
– OO Design
– Prototyping
– Component based development
– Testing
 4c) OO Analysis

• OO analysis includes the following

activities:
– Determining the system requirements.
– Identifying classes and their relationship to
other class in the problem domain.
 4d) OO Design

• OO Design includes the following

activities:
– Design the classes.
– Design the user interface
4e) OO Design - Guidelines
– Reuse rather than build a new class.
– Design a large no. of simple classes rather
than a small no. of complex classes.
– Design methods.
– Critique what you have proposed. If
possible, go back & refine the classes.
4f) Prototyping

• A version of a software product developed

in the early stage of the products life cycle
for specific, experimental purposes.
• Easy to understand
• Types of Prototyping
1.Close ended (or) Throwaway
2.Open ended (or) Evolutionary
4g) Testing
1.White box testing
2.Black box Testing
THANK YOU!