Object Oriented Programming

Chapter One
Introduction to Object-
Oriented Programming

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 Outline
o Programming Languages
o Programming Paradigm and its types
o Over View of OOP Principles
o Over View of Java Programming

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 Programming Languages (PL)

A computer program is a set of instructions used to

operate a computer to produce a specific result.
Writing computer programs is called computer
programming.
The languages used to create computer programs are
called programming languages.

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 How to write Program ?
o Programming Language
Is a formal constructed language designed to
I.
communicate instructions to a machine, particularly
a computer.
II. Is used to create programs to control the behavior of
a machine
o Hundreds of computer languages are in use today.
o Programming Languages are classifies as:
I. Machine Language
II. Assembly Language
III. High Level Language

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 Machine Language
Machine language is the “natural language” of a computer and it is defined
by its hardware design.
Machine languages generally consist of strings of numbers (1s and 0s) - that
instruct computers to perform their most elementary operations one at a
time.
Machine languages are machine dependent.
Machine language program is also called object code
Such languages are difficult for humans to write a program.
Machine-language programming was simply too slow, tedious and error
prone for most programmers.
Example
o Machine Instruction Machine Operation
00000000 Stop Program
00000001 Turn bulb fully on

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 Assembly Language
Assembly language uses English-like abbreviations/
mnemonic codes to represent elementary operations
instead of sequence of 0s and 1s
Example:-ADD for addition , SUB for subtraction etc.
Translator programs called assemblers were developed
to convert assembly-language programs to machine
language Since computer system only understand the
language of 0s and 1s .
Although such code is clear to humans, but it is not
understandable to computers until translated to machine
language.

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 Assembly Language …
Computer usage increased rapidly with the arrival
of assembly languages, but programmers still had to
use many instructions to accomplish the simplest
tasks.
For example, the following section of an assembly-
language program adds overtime pay to base pay and
stores the result in gross pay:
load basepay
add overpay
store grosspay

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 High Level Language
 To speed up the programming process, high-level
languages were developed in which single
statements could be written to accomplish a
number of tasks.
High-level languages allow programmers to write
instructions that look almost like everyday
English and contain commonly used
mathematical notations.
For example a payroll program written in a high-
level language might contain a statement such as
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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 High Level Language …
o High level language program is also called source
code.
o Program written in high level languages are much
easier to maintain and modified .
 Translator programs called compilers and
Interpreter convert high-level language
programs into machine language.
Some examples include BASIC, FORTRAN, Java,
C,C++, Pascal and Microsoft’s .NET

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 Programming Paradigm
o Paradigm can also be termed as method to solve some
problem or do some task.
o Programming paradigm is an approach to solve problem
using some programming language.
o There are lots for programming language that are known
but all of them need to follow some strategy when they
are implemented and this methodology/strategy is
paradigms.
o The two most known programming paradigms are :
I. Structured programming
II. Object oriented programming

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 Structured programming
o In Structured Programming a programmer who is faced with some
problem must identify a computing task that needs to be performed in
order to solve the problem.
o Programming then consists of finding a sequence of instructions that will
accomplish that task.
o Structured Programming focuses on process/ logical structure and the
data required for that process.
o Structured Programming is also known as Modular Programming
o In Structured Programming, Programs are divided into small self
contained functions.

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 Structured programming …
Structured programming follows top-down approach.
 In Structured programming data was separate from the
code.
Structured Programming is less secure as there is no
way of data hiding.
Structured Programming provides less reusability,
more function dependency.
Less abstraction and less flexibility.
C and Pascal are examples of procedural programming
languages

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 Programs with Structural Programming
1. Unrestricted Access

o Functions have unrestricted access to global data.

2. Real-World Modeling

o Unrelated functions and data, the basics of the procedural

paradigm, provide a poor model of the real world.
3. Difficult of Creating New Data Types

o Traditional languages are not extensible because they

will not let you create new data types.

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 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
It is a modern programming paradigm that allows the
Programmer to model a problem in a real-world as an
object.
 Allows us to decompose a problem into a number of
entities called objects and then build data and functions
(methods) around them.
Hence, programs are divided into what are known as
objects
Binds data more closely to the functions that operate on
it and protects it from unintentional modification by
other functions.
Hence, Object Oriented Programming is more secure
as having data hiding feature.
 Follows bottom-up approach in program design

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 Object Oriented Programming…
An object represents an entity in the real world that can be distinctly
identified.
Everywhere you look in the real world you see objects - people,
animals, plants, cars, planes, buildings, computers and so on.
Humans think in terms of objects. Telephones, houses, traffic lights
and water are just a few more objects.
 All objects have attributes (e.g., a car has a size, shape, color and
weight), and they all exhibit behaviors (e.g., a car accelerates,
brakes and turns).
Humans learn about existing objects by studying their attributes and
observing their behaviors.
Comparisons can be made, for example, between babies and adults
and between humans and chimpanzees.

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 Object Oriented Programming…
OOP models object by their attributes and behaviors
just as we describe real-world objects.
OOP also takes advantage of class relationships, where
objects of a certain class, such as a class of vehicles,
have the same characteristics (cars, trucks, little red
wagons and taxi have much behaviors in common).
OOP also models communication between objects.
 Just as people send messages to one another; objects
also communicate via messages.

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 Object Oriented Programming…
For example, suppose you want to write a program that
automates the video rental process for a local video store.
The two main objects in this problem are the video and the
customer.
Then, specify for each object the relevant data and possible
operations to be performed on that data.
For a video object, the data might include: movie name, starring
actors, producer, production company, number of copies in stock
Some of the operations on a video object might include:
checking the name of the movie.
reducing the number of copies in stock by one after a copy is rented.
incrementing the number of copies in stock by one after a customer
returns a copy.

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 Object Oriented Programming…
OOP give emphasis for data rather than procedure
Data is not allowed to move freely around a system, but it is
tied closely to the functions that operate on it.(i.e. Data is
hidden from external functions)
Data is protected because the data belonging to an object can
only be accessed and modified by the methods of that object.
Different objects can 'talk' to each other through their
methods.
In this way, Object A cannot directly modify data belonging
to Object B – but it can call a method of Object B that in
turn modifies the data.

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 What is Java
Java is high level programming language developed by a
team led by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems.
Originally called Oak, it was designed in 1991 for use in
consumer electronic applications.
In 1995, renamed Java, it was redesigned for developing
Internet applications as well.
Java is modeled after C and C++, and much of the syntax
and object-oriented structure is borrowed from C++.
Java is simple, object oriented, secure, portable and high
performance.

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 What is Java…
Java can be used to create two types of programs: applications
and applets.
Java applications are more general programs written in the Java
language.
Java applications don’t require a browser to run.(desktop
application or stand alone application)
Applets are Java programs that are downloaded over the World
Wide Web and executed by a Web browser on the reader’s machine
(web based application)
Java offers two ways of creating dynamic web content:
Applets-which are Java programs which are run by a client
computer’s web browser
Servlets-which are Java programs which are run by the web server.

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 What is Java…
Java programs are platform independent.
Java programs are portable - it is possible to move java
programs from one computer system to another.
Java promise: “Write once, run everywhere”.
Java differs from other programming languages in that
it is both compiled and interpreted language.
Java is Powerful: massive libraries.

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 Typical Java Development Environment
There are five phases in creating and executing a Java
application using a Java development environment.
They are:-
Create/edit
compile
load
verify and
execute

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 Phase 1: Creating a Program
It consists of writing a java source code and editing a file with an editor
program or IDE.
Integrated development environments (IDEs) - provide tools that support
the software development process, including editors - for writing and
editing programs and debuggers - for locating logic errors.
Popular IDEs include:-
Eclipse (www.eclipse.org) NetBeans (www.netbeans.org)
JBuilder (www.borland.com) JCreator (www.jcreator.com)
BlueJ (www.blueJ.org)
jGRASP (www.jgrasp.org) jEdit (www.jedit.org).
Then Make any necessary corrections and save the program on a
secondary storage device, such as your hard drive.
A file name ending with the .java extension indicates that the file
contains Java source code.

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 Phase 2: Compiling a Java Program into
Bytecodes
Use the command javac to compile a program.
For example, to compile a program called
Welcome.java, you would type javac Welcome.java
in the command window of your system
If the program compiles, the compiler produces a
.class file called Welcome.class that contains the
compiled version of the program.
The Java compiler translates Java source code into
bytecodes

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 Phase 2: Compiling a Java Program into
Bytecodes…
Bytecodes are a set of instructions that looks like a machine
codes, but it is not specific to any one processor or platform.
Bytecodes are executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
—a part of the JDK.
A virtual machine (VM) is a software application that
simulates a computer, but hides the underlying operating
system and hardware from the programs that interact with the
VM.
 Unlike machine language, which is dependent on specific
computer hardware, bytecodes are platform-independent
instructions
So, Java’s bytecodes are portable

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 Phase 3: Loading a Program into
Memory
In Phase 3, the program must be placed in memory
before execution-which is known as loading.
Hence the class loader takes the .class files containing
the program’s bytecodes and transfers them to primary
memory.

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 Phase 4: Bytecode Verification
In Phase 4, the bytecode verifier examines their
bytecodes to ensure that they are valid and do not
violate Java’s security restrictions.
Java enforces strong security, to make sure that Java
programs arriving over the network do not damage
your files or your system (as computer viruses and
worms might).

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 Phase 5: Execution
In Phase 5, the JVM executes the program’s bytecodes.
The JVM is invoked by the java command.
For example, to execute a Java application called Welcome,
you would type the command java Welcome in a command
window to invoke the JVM.
In early Java versions, the JVM was simply an interpreter
for Java bytecodes.
This caused most Java programs to execute slowly because the
JVM would interpret and execute one bytecode at a time.
Today’s JVMs typically execute bytecodes using a
combination of interpretation and so-called just-in-time
(JIT) compilation.
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 Phase 5: Execution…
Today’s JVMs analyzes the bytecodes searching for hot
spots— parts of the bytecodes that execute frequently.
For these parts, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler - known
as the Java HotSpot compiler- translates the bytecodes
into the underlying computer’s machine language.
Thus Java programs actually go through two
compilation phases
One in which source code is translated into bytecodes
Second is during execution- the bytecodes are translated
into machine language for the actual computer on which
the program executes.

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 Typical Java Development Environment

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 The Java Language Specification, API and JDK
Computer languages have strict rules of usage.
If you do not follow the rules when writing a program,
the computer will be unable to understand it.
The Java language specification is defines the syntax
and semantics of the Java programming language.
The application program interface (API) contains
predefined classes and interfaces for developing Java
programs.
The Java language specification is stable, but the API
is still expanding.

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 The Java Language Specification, API and JDK
Java comes in three editions:
1. Java Standard Edition (Java SE) - can be used to
develop client-side standalone applications.
2. Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) can be used to
develop server-side applications..
3. Java Micro Edition (Java ME) - can be used to develop
applications for mobile devices, such as cell phones.

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 The Java Language Specification, API and JDK
There are many versions of Java SE.
Each version has a Java Development Toolkit (JDK).
For Java SE 6, the Java Development Toolkit is called
JDK 1.6 (also known as Java 6 or JDK 6).
 JDK consists of a set of separate programs, each
invoked from a command line, for developing and
testing Java programs.
Besides JDK, you can use a Java development tool
(e.g., Net- Beans, Eclipse, and Jcreator) - for rapidly
developing Java programs.

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 Basic principles of OOP
Object
Object is a software bundle that has State and Behavior and it occupies
memory.
We can also define Object as a set of data items (fields) with operations
(methods ) to manipulate them.
 Example: dogs have states (name, color, hungry, breed) and behaviors (bark, fetch,
and wag tail).
Object combines data and operations in one place.
The state of an object (also known as its properties or attributes) is
represented by data fields with their current values.
A circle object, for example, has a data field radius, which is the property
that characterizes a circle.
A rectangle object has data field’s width and height, which are the
properties that characterize a rectangle.

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 Basic principles of OOP
Object…
The behavior of an object (also known as its actions) is
defined by methods.
Method is an action performed by an object
To invoke a method within an object is to ask the
object to perform an action.
For example, you may define a method named getArea()
for circle objects.
A circle object may invoke getArea() to return its area.
objects interact and communicate with each other by
sending messages to each other.

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 Basic principles of OOP…
Class
 A class is a template or blueprint that defines what an object’s
data fields and methods will be.
 It defines the states and the behaviors common to all objects of
a certain kind.
 Class is a collection of objects of similar type.
 Classes are user-defined data types & behave like the built-in
types of programming language.
 An object is an instance of a class.
 E.g Ibsa is an instance of a Student
 You can create many instances of a class.
 Creating an instance is referred to as instantiation.
 The terms object and instance are often used interchangeable.

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 Basic principles of OOP…
Class Declaration
The syntax for a simple class declaration is
modifiers class class-name
{
body
}
Where the optional modifiers may be one or more of the three keywords
{ public, abstract, final }
Class-name is any valid identifier
Body is a sequence of declarations of variables, constructors, and methods
Modifier Meaning
Public - It is accessible from all other classes
Abstract- The class cannot be instantiated
Final -No subclasses can be declared
A class that is declared final cannot be a superclass.

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 Basic principles of OOP…
Abstraction
Also known as information hiding.
Ignore details when appropriate
Think about what a method/object/class does, not how it does it.
Objects have the property of information hiding.
This means that objects may know how to communicate with one
another across well-defined interfaces, but normally they are not
allowed to know how other objects is implemented-implementation
details are hidden within the objects themselves.
It is one of the fundamental ways to handle complexity.
Example driving a car effectively
E.g. Sort(insertion, selection, bubble)

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 Basic principles of OOP…
Encapsulation
OOD encapsulates (i.e., wraps) attributes and
operations (behaviors) into objects - an object’s
attributes and operations are intimately tied together.
Is the mechanism that binds together code and the data
object manipulates.
Put related things in the same place
I.e. group related data and operations in an object
Each object has its own data and knows how to use it
Hide internal representation/implementation
Deny external access to internal fields/methods

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 Basic principles of OOP…
Inheritance
Inheritance is a form of software reuse in which, new classes
of objects are derived by absorbing characteristics of existing
classes and adding unique characteristics of their own.
Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the
properties of another object.
Classical Inheritance: “is-a kind of” relationship.
In inheritance, an object of a subclass can also be treated as
an object of its superclass.
For example, a car is a vehicle.
Example: fruits and types of fruit (an apple is a type of fruit)
Goal of inheritance: code reuse

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 Basic principles of OOP…
Polymorphism
The ability to take more than one form.
The same word or phrase can be mean different things in different
contexts
One instruction means different things to different agents
In terms of the OOP, this means that a particular operation may
behave differently for different sub-classes of the same class.
Technically: many objects can implement same interface in their own
way.
In Java, two or more classes could each have a method called output
 Each output method would do the right thing for the class that it was in.
 One output might display a number whereas a different one might
display a name.

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 A Simple Java Program
Let us begin with a simple Java program that displays the
message “Welcome to Java!” on the console.
Console refers to text entry and display device of a
computer.
1 public class Welcome {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 // Display message Welcome to Java! to the console
4 System.out.println("Welcome to Java Programming!");
5 }
6 }

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 Description of the program
Line 1 defines a class.
public class Welcome {
Every program in Java consists of at least one class definition that is defined by
you - the programmer.
These classes are known as programmer-defined classes, or user-defined classes.
The class keyword introduces a class definition in Java and is immediately
followed by the class name.(In this example, the class name is Welcome.)
Every class we define begins with the public keyword
Keywords (or reserved words) are reserved for use by java and are always spelled
with all lowercase letters.
By convention, class names start with an uppercase letter.
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups the program’s components.
In Java, each block begins with an opening brace ({) and ends with a closing brace
(}).
Every class has a class block that groups the data and methods of the class.

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 Description of the program…
Line 2 defines the main method.
In order to run a class, the class must contain a method named main.
public static void main( String args[] )
It is a part of every Java application.
Java applications begin executing at main.
The parentheses after main indicate that main is a program building block called a
method.
 Java class definitions normally contain one or more methods.
For a Java application class, exactly one of those methods must be called main.
otherwise, the java interpreter will not execute the application.
Methods are able to perform tasks and return information when they complete their
tasks.
The void keyword indicates that this method will perform a task (displaying a line
of text, in this program), but will not return any information when it completes its
task.
The left brace, {, on line 2 begins the body of the method definition. A
corresponding right brace, }, must end the method definition’s body

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 Description of the program…
 Line 3 is a comment that documents what the program is and how it is
constructed.
 Comments help programmers to communicate and understand the program.
 They are not programming statements and thus are ignored by the compiler.
 In Java, comments are preceded by two slashes (//) on a line, called a line
comment, or enclosed between /* and */ on one or several lines, called a
block comment.
 When the compiler sees //, it ignores all text after // on the same line.
 When it sees /*, it scans for the next */ and ignores any text between /* and
*/.
 Here are examples of comments:
// This application program prints Welcome to Java!
/* This application program prints Welcome to Java! */
/* This application program
prints Welcome to Java! */

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 Description of the program…
Line number 4
System.out.println( "Welcome to Java Programming!" );
instructs the computer to perform an action, namely to print the string of
characters contained between the double quotation marks.
This statement prints a message "Welcome to Java Programming!"
command window from which the Java application executes. (line 4).
A string is sometimes called a character string, a message or a string
literal.
We refer to characters between double quotation marks generically as
strings.
White-space characters in strings are not ignored by the compiler.
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;), known as the statement
terminator.

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 Creating, Compiling, and Executing a
Java Program
When you save your java file, the file name must be the
class name followed by the “.java” file-name extension.
For our application, the file name is Welcome.java.
All Java class definitions are stored in files ending with the
file-name extension “.java.”
To compile the program, we open a command window,
change to the directory where the program is stored and type
 javac Welcome.java

If the program contains no syntax errors, the preceding

command creates a new file called Welcome1.class
containing the Java bytecodes that represent our application.

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 Creating, Compiling, and Executing a
Java Program
These bytecodes will be interpreted by the java interpreter when
we tell it to execute the program.
In the command prompt type
java Welcome1
to launch the java interpreter and indicate that it should load the
“.class” file for class Welcome.
Note that the “.class” file-name extension is omitted from the
preceding command; otherwise the interpreter will not execute
the program.
The interpreter automatically calls method main.
Next, the statement on line 4 of main displays “Welcome to
Java Programming!”

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 Creating, Compiling, and Executing a
Java Program
 This section demonstrates how to create, compile, and run Java
programs from a command window.

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 End of Chapter One

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