Lect11 ECM5

CHE 31.
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS
Lecture 11
Combustion Processes
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
LECTURE 11. Combustion Processes
A Combustion Process
SLIDE
2
LECTURE 10. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Reactive Processes
Chemical Reactiions Associated with Combustion Processes
C + O2 ========> CO2
C + 0.5O2 ========> CO
2H + 0.5O2 ========> H2O
S + O2 ========> SO2
SLIDE
3
Terms Associated with Combustion Processes
Orsat Analysis
Refers to the type of gas analysis which eliminates water
as a component (dry-free basis). If water is included in the
report, it is termed wet-basis analysis.
Theoretical Air
The amount of air required for complete combustion of C,
H, and S. It does not depend on how much material is
actually but what can be burned.
Excess Air
The amount of air in excess of that required for complete
combustion. The % excess air is the same as % excess O 2 .
SLIDE
4
Example 11-1. Theoretical and Stoichiometric Air
In a given process, 1 0 0 kmol of carbon is burned in a

furnace. It has been found that 2 0 % of the carbon
undergoes incomplete combustion resulting to C O
production.
The rest of the carbon undergoes complete

combustion. Determine the amount of air required (in
kmol) if 50% excess O 2 must be satisfied.
Relevant Reactions:
C + O2 ========> CO2
C + 0.5O2 ========> CO
SLIDE
5
Calculate for theoretical O 2 needed:
A s s u m e that all the carbon is burned completely to CO 2 .
100 kmol C (1/1) = 100 kmol O2
It is not correct to do the following:
C  CO2: 100 kmol C (0.80)(1/1) = 80 kmol O2
C  CO: 100 kmol C (0.20)(0.5/1) = 10 kmol O2
SLIDE
6
Total O 2 required stoichiometrically based on the

actual process:
Stoichiometric O2 = (80 + 10) kmol = 90 kmol
Theoretical O 2 is based not on what is

stoichiometrically needed according to what is actually
burned.
Theoretical Air = (100 kmol)(1/0.21) = 476.2 kmol
A n d the actual air supplied:
Actual Air = 476.2 kmol (1.5) = 714.3 kmol

SLIDE
7
Example 11-2. Combustion of Propane (C 3 H 8 )
Fuels for motor vehicles other than gasoline are being eyed
because they generate lower levels of pollutants than
does gasoline.
Compressed propane (C 3 H 8 ) has been suggested as a source

of economic power for vehicles. Suppose that in a test, 2 0
kg of C 3 H 8 is burned with 4 0 0 kg of air to produce 4 4 kg
of C O 2 and 1 2 kg of CO.
Calculate the percent excess air.
SLIDE
8
Write the overall combustion reaction for the fuel ass uming
it is burned completely:
C3H8 + 5O2 ========> 3CO2 + 4H2O
For 2 0 kg of C 3 H 8 , the theoretical O 2 required is:
 1kmol C H  5 
20 kg C 3H 8  44.09 kg C3 H8  1C H  =2.27 kmol 2
O2  3 8  
3 8O
SLIDE
9
The actual O 2 supplied is
 1kmol air   1air 

 29 kgair  0.21O  =2.90 kmol
400 kgair 2
  
2O
The percent excess air (or O 2 ) is
2.90 kmol O2 -2.27 kmol O2

%excessair = ×100=28%
2.27 kmol O2
SLIDE
10
Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )
Generation of methane-rich biogas is a way to avoid high

waste-disposal costs, and burning it can meet up to 6 0% of
the operating costs for such waste-to-energy plants.
Consider the complete combustion of 16.0 kg of methane

(CH 4 ) in biogas with 3 0 0 kg of air. Determine the % excess
of air, and the total moles and composition of the flue
gas.
SLIDE
11
Degrees of Freedom Analysis: Atomic Balance
Unit: Reactor
unknowns (P,x1,x2,x3,x4) +5
independent atomic specie(s)
independent nonreactive molecular specie(s)
other equations:
Degrees of freedom 0
SLIDE
12
Write the atomic species balances (mole basis):
(1) C: 16 kg CH4 (1/16)(1) = Px1
(2) H: 16 kg CH4 (1/16)(4) = Px4
(3) O: 300 kg Air (1/29)(0.21)(2) = 2Px2 + 2Px1 +

Px4
(4) N: 300 kg Air (1/29)(0.79)(2) = 2Px3
(5) x: x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1
SLIDE
13
Simplifying the equations
(1) C: 1 = Px1
(2) H: 4 = Px4
(3) O: 4.34 = 2Px2 + 2Px1 +

Px4
(4) N: 16.34 = 2Px3
(5) x: x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1
SLIDE
14
If composition of flue gas is expressed in terms of actual

number of moles (n’s) instead of mole fractions (x’s)
C: 1 = n1
H: 4 = n4
O: 4.34 = 2n 2 + 2n 1 +
n 4 N: 16.34 = 2n 3
n: n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 = P
SLIDE
15
Solving for the n’s and

P:
n 1 = 1 kmol n 2 = 0.17 kmol
CO 2 n3 = 2 O 2 n 4 = 8.18
kmol H 2 O P = kmol N 2
11.35 kmol
Solving for the mole fractions:
x 1 = (1/11.35) = 0.09 kmol CO 2 /kmol P

x 2 = (0.17/11.35) = 0.01 kmol O 2 /kmol P
x3 = = 0.72 kmol N 2 /kmol P
(8.18/11.35) x 4 = 0.18 kmol H 2 O/kmol P
= (2/11.35)
SLIDE
16
Solving for % excess air:
Write the overall combustion reaction for the fuel ass uming
it is burned completely:
CH4 + 2O2 ========> CO2 + 2H2O
For 1 6 kg of C 3 H 8 , the theoretical air required is:
4 1kmol CH 4  2 O 2  1Air   29 kg Air 

16 kg CH  16 kg CH  1CH  0.21O  1kmol Air = 276 kg Air
4  8  2 

SLIDE
17
Solving for % excess air:
Overall combustion reaction for the CH 4 :
CH4 + 2O2 ========> CO2 + 2H2O
For 1 6 kg of C 3 H 8 , the theoretical air required is:
 1kmol CH  2O  1Air   29 kg Air 

16 kg CH4  16 kg CH4  1CH2  0.21O   1kmol Air = 276 kg Air
 4  8  2 

300 kg Air - 276 kg Air
% excess air = 276 kg ×100 = 8.7%
Air
SLIDE
18
Example 11-4. Combustion of Coal
A local utility burns coal having the following

composition on a dry basis:
Component Percent
C 83.05
H 4.45
O 3.36
N 1.08
S 0.70
Ash 7.36
Total 100.00
SLIDE
19
The average Orsat analysis of the flue gas during a 24-hr

test was:
Component Percent
CO2 + SO2 15.4
CO 0.0
O2 4.0
N2 80.6
Total 100.00
SLIDE
20
Moisture in the fuel was 3.90% and the air on the average
contained 0.0048 lbm H 2 O/lbm dry air.
The refuse showed 14.0% combined elements as in the coal

(i.e. C, H, O, N, S) and the remainder being ash. It may be
assumed that these combined elements occur in the same
proportions as they do in the coal.
Estimate the amount of amount of flue-gas (dry basis),

amount of water coming out of the process, and the
%excess air.
SLIDE
21
SLIDE
22
Basis: 1 00 lbm of
coal
A s h Balance: 0.0736(100 lbm) = 0.86R
R = 8.56 lbm
Combustible elements in refuse
0.14(8.56 lbm) = 1.20 lbm
A s s u m i n g the combustible elements (C, H, O, N, S) occur in

the same proportions as they do in the coal, the
quantities of the combustibles in R on an ash-free basis
are:
SLIDE
23
mass ash-free Amt. in R Amt. in R

Component
(lbm) mass % (lbm) (lbmol)
C 83.05 89.65 1.076 0.0897
H 4.45 4.80 0.058 0.0537
O 3.36 3.63 0.0436 0.0027
N 1.08 1.17 0.014 0.0010
S 0.70 0.76 0.009 0.0003
Total 92.64 100.00 1.200 0.1474
SLIDE
24
Find the lbmol of H and O due to water in coal:
H: 10 0 lbm (3.9/96.1)(1/18)(2/1) = 0.451 lbmol H
O: 10 0 lbm (3.9/96.1)(1/18)(1/1) = 0.225 lbmol O
Find the mole fraction of H and O due to moisture in air:
H: 0.0048 lbm H 2 O/lbm D A (29/18)(2/1) = 0.0154
O: 0.0048 lbm H 2 O/lbm D A (29/18)(1/1) = 0.0077
SLIDE
25
Solve A, W, and P using (C+S), H, and N balances
(C+S) Balance (mole basis):
(83.05/12) + (0.70/32) = P(0.154) + 0.0897 + 0.0003
H Balance (mole basis):
(4.45/1) + 0.451 + 0.0154A = 2W + 0.0537
N Balance (mole basis):
(1.08/14) + 2(0.79A) = 2P(0.806) + 2(0.001)
SLIDE
26
Solving the balance equations gives
P = 44.5 lbmol
A = 45.4
lbmol W =
2.77 lbmol
Determine the theoretical air required to burn completely

all the C, H, and S in the coal.
C: (83.05/12)(1/1) = 6.92 lbmol O 2
H: (4.45/1)(1/4) = 1.11 lbmol O 2
S: (0.70/32)(1/1) = 0.022 lbmol O 2
Total O 2 required = (6.92 + 1.11 + 0.022) = 8.052 lbmol O 2
SLIDE
27
Since there is already O present in the coal, this amount is

subtracted from the theoretical requirement.
O 2 in coal = (3.36/16)(1/2) = 0.105 lbmol O 2
Corrected O 2 required = (8.052 – 0.105) = 7.947 lbmol
O 2 Actual O 2 supplied = 45.35 (0.21) = 9.524 lbmol O 2
A n d the % excess air is calculated as:
9.524 kmol O2 - 7.947 kmol O2

%excess air = ×100 = 19.8%
7.947 kmol O2
SLIDE
28

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CHE 31.

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS

Chemical Reactiions Associated with Combustion Processes

2H + 0.5O2 ========> H2O

Terms Associated with Combustion Processes

Example 11-1. Theoretical and Stoichiometric Air

In a given process, 1 0 0 kmol of carbon is burned in a

The rest of the carbon undergoes complete

Example 11-1. Theoretical and Stoichiometric Air

Calculate for theoretical O 2 needed:

A s s u m e that all the carbon is burned completely to CO 2 .

100 kmol C (1/1) = 100 kmol O2

It is not correct to do the following:

C  CO2: 100 kmol C (0.80)(1/1) = 80 kmol O2

C  CO: 100 kmol C (0.20)(0.5/1) = 10 kmol O2

Example 11-1. Theoretical and Stoichiometric Air

Total O 2 required stoichiometrically based on the

Stoichiometric O2 = (80 + 10) kmol = 90 kmol

Theoretical O 2 is based not on what is

Theoretical Air = (100 kmol)(1/0.21) = 476.2 kmol

A n d the actual air supplied:

Actual Air = 476.2 kmol (1.5) = 714.3 kmol

Example 11-2. Combustion of Propane (C 3 H 8 )

Compressed propane (C 3 H 8 ) has been suggested as a source

Calculate the percent excess air.

Example 11-2. Combustion of Propane (C 3 H 8 )

C3H8 + 5O2 ========> 3CO2 + 4H2O

For 2 0 kg of C 3 H 8 , the theoretical O 2 required is:

Example 11-2. Combustion of Propane (C 3 H 8 )

The actual O 2 supplied is

 1kmol air   1air 

The percent excess air (or O 2 ) is

2.90 kmol O2 -2.27 kmol O2

Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )

Generation of methane-rich biogas is a way to avoid high

Consider the complete combustion of 16.0 kg of methane

Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )

Degrees of Freedom Analysis: Atomic Balance

Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )

Write the atomic species balances (mole basis):

(1) C: 16 kg CH4 (1/16)(1) = Px1

(2) H: 16 kg CH4 (1/16)(4) = Px4

(3) O: 300 kg Air (1/29)(0.21)(2) = 2Px2 + 2Px1 +

(4) N: 300 kg Air (1/29)(0.79)(2) = 2Px3

Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )

Simplifying the equations

(3) O: 4.34 = 2Px2 + 2Px1 +

(4) N: 16.34 = 2Px3

Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )

If composition of flue gas is expressed in terms of actual

Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )

Solving for the n’s and

x 1 = (1/11.35) = 0.09 kmol CO 2 /kmol P

Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )

Solving for % excess air:

CH4 + 2O2 ========> CO2 + 2H2O

For 1 6 kg of C 3 H 8 , the theoretical air required is:

4 1kmol CH 4  2 O 2  1Air   29 kg Air 

Example 11-3. Combustion of Methane (CH 4 )

Solving for % excess air:

Overall combustion reaction for the CH 4 :

CH4 + 2O2 ========> CO2 + 2H2O

For 1 6 kg of C 3 H 8 , the theoretical air required is: