PF Lecture 4

CHAPTER 4:
INTRODUCTION TO C
1
Chapter 4 Objectives
• Understand the structure of the program.
• Understand a good programming style.
• Write simple computer programs using C

programming language.
• Use simple input and output statements.
• Use the fundamental data types.

Chapter 4 Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure of C Program
4.3 Programming Style
4.4 A Simple C Programs
4.5 Summary
Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction
• The C language facilitates a structured and

disciplined approach to computer-program design.
• In this chapter we introduce the basic C programming

and present several examples that illustrate many
important features of C.
• Each example is analyzed one statement at a time to

the related elements.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education.
Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction
• In Chapter 1, we have briefly described the common elements in

programming languages including:
o Syntax
o Keywords
o Programmer-Defined Identifiers
o Operators
o Punctuation
o Variables
• This chapter will describe the element within the examples of the
C programming code.
Chapter 4 Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.5 Summary
Chapter 4 4.2 Structure of C Program
• Basic structure of the C program consists of a few parts.
• Example: Coding in C++
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
using namespace std: (No global variable)

int main (void)
{
int age = 33;
cout<<“My First C Program\n";

cout<<“I'm %d years old”;
return 0;
}
My First C++ 0 signifies that the program exited without any error to
Program the OS while returning any other value shows that
some error have occured in your program.
I'm 33 years old
Chapter 4 4.2 Structure of C Program
Program execution
1. Global declarations set up
2. Function main executed
1. Local declarations set up

2. Each statement in statement
section executed
• executed in order (first to last)
• changes made by one
statement affect later
statements
Chapter 4 Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.5 Summary
Chapter 4 4.3 Programming Style
Introduction
• The programming style is is a term used to describe the

effort a programmer should take to make his or her code
easy to read and easy to understand.
• Good organization of the code and meaningful variable

names help readability, and liberal use of comments can
help the reader understand what the program does and why.
• The programming style does not affect the syntax of the

program BUT affects the readability of the source code.
• Common elements to improve readability:
• Braces { } aligned vertically.
• Indentation of statements within a set of braces.
• Blank lines between declaration and other statements.
• Long statements wrapped over multiple lines with

aligned operators.
• C doesn’t care much about spaces !

• Some examples of coding written in C. 2
1 /* Program_01.c /* Program_01.c A first program
A first program in in C */ #include <stdio.h> /*
C */ function main begins */ int
#include <stdio.h> main( void ){ printf( "Welcome
/* function main to C!\n" );} /* end function
begins program main */
execution */
3
int main
( void ) /* Program_01.c
{ A first program in C */
printf ( #include <stdio.h>
"Welcome to C!\n"
); /* function main begins */
} int main( void ){
/* end function printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
main */ } /* end function main */
• All of these programs are exactly the same as the original

as far as your compiler is concerned.
• Note that words have to be kept together and so do things

in quotes.
Indentation
/* Program_01.c 4 • As you can see, the

A first program in C */ statement in the body of
#include <stdio.h>
main() do not line up
/* function main begins */ with the rest of the code.
int main( void )
{ • This is called indentation.
printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
} /* end function main */
• Orderly indentation is very important; it makes your code

readable.
• The C compiler ignores white space
Chapter 4 Contents
4.1 Introduction
(a) Printing a line of text
(b) Adding two integers
(c) Multiplying some values
4.5 Summary
Chapter 4 4.4 A Simple C Program
(a) Printing a line of text
• We begin by writing a simple C program.
• The program and its screen output on screen are shown in
the following figure.
1 // Program_01.c
2 // A first program in C
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9 } // end function main
Welcome to C!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Comments
Comments
Preprocessor
Preprocessor
directive
directive
1 // Program_01.c The main

2 The main
// A first program in Cfunction
function An
Anoutput
output
3 #include <stdio.h> statement
statement
4
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
Blank
Blanklines
linesand
and Escape
Escape
white space
white space sequences
sequences
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Special Characters
Character Name Meaning
/* Slash star Beginning of a comment
/* */ Star slash End of a comment
# Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor
directive
< > Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include
( ) Open/close Used when naming a function
parentheses
{ } Open/close brace Encloses a group of statements
" " Open/close quotation Encloses string of characters

marks
; Semicolon End of a programming statement
Comment
• Line 1, 2 and 5 begin with //

• Used to “document programs” the code for the human
reader
• Ignored by compiler (not part of program)
• The preceding comment simply describes the file name and

purpose of the program
// Program_4.1.c
// A first program in C
// function main begins program execution
• Comments also help other people read and understand

your program easily.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
• You may also use /*...*/ for multi-line comments.

• Everything from /* on the first line to */ at the end of the
last line is a comment.
• Example:
/* Program_4.1.c
A first program in C */
/* function main begins program execution */
• We prefer // comments because they’re shorter and

eliminate common programming errors.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Preprocessor Directive
• Line 3 is a directive to the C preprocessor.

• It begins with #
• Instruct compiler to perform some transformation to file
before compiling
• Example:
#include <stdio.h>
add the header file stdio.h to this file

.h for header file
stdio.h defines useful input/output functions
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Function
int main( void ) Header

{
printf( "Welcome to C!\n" ); Body { }
}
• Consists of header and body
•Functions can return information.

int indicates that the main “return” an integer value.
• Functions also can receive information when are called

(invoked) - more later
• The void means that main does not received any information
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
An Output Statement
• Line 8 instructs the computer to print on the screen the string
of characters marked by the double quotes “m” marks.
• A string is sometimes called a character string, a message or
a literal.
• The entire line is called statement.
• When the printf statement executed, it prints the message

Welcome to C! on the screen.
• The characters normally print exactly as they appear
between the double quotes in the printf statement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Escape Sequences
• Notice that the character \n were not printed on the screen.
• The backslash (\) is called an escape character.
• It indicates that printf is supposed to do something out of

the ordinary.
• The \n means newline that causes the cursor to position to

the beginning of the next line on the screen.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Example: Using multiple printf

• The following program will produces the same output as
before.
• This works because each printf resumes printing where
the previous printf stopped printing.
1 // Program_02.c • The first printf (line 8)

2 // A first program in C prints Welcome followed
3 #include <stdio.h> by a space
4 • The second printf
5 // function main
(line 9) begins printing
6 int main( void )
7 {
on the same line
8 printf( "Welcome " ); immediately after the
9 printf( “to C!\n" ); space.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Activity 4.1: Write a C program to display your name as the

example below.
Tips: .
Put comment in
your program and
save your file as
Activity_4.1.c
(b) Adding two integers
• Our next program (next page) uses the Standard Library

function scanf to obtain two integers typed by a user at
the keyboard, computes the sum of the values and prints
the result using printf.
• As stated earlier, each program begins execution with main.
• The left brace { (line 7) marks the beginning of the body of

main, and the corresponding right brace } (line 21) marks
the end of main function.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
1 // Program_03.c
2 // Addition program
4
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int integer1; // first number to be entered by user
9 int integer2; // second number to be entered by user
10 int sum; // variable in which sum will be stored
11
12 printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); // prompt
13 scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); // read an integer
14
15 printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); // prompt
16 scanf( "%d", &integer2 ); // read an integer
17
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign total to sum
19
20 printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); // print sum
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
1 // Program_03.c
2 // Addition program
3 #include <stdio.h> Variables
4 Variables
with
with
5 valid identifier
6 int main( void ) valid identifier
7 {
8 int integer1; Prompt
Prompt
9 int integer2; messages
messages
10 int sum;
11
12 printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); The
Theinput
input
13 scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); statements
statements
14
15 printf( "Enter second integer\n" );
16 scanf( "%d", &integer2 );
17
sum = integer1 + integer2; Assignment
Assignment
18
statements
statements
19 Printing
20 printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); Printing
statements
statements
21 } _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Variables:
• Line 8-10 are definitions.
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
• The names integer1, integer2 and sum are the names

of variables.
• These variables are of type int, which means that they’ll

hold integer values that stored in memory.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
• All variables must be defined with a name and a data type

before they can be used in a program.
• Definitions could have been combined into a single

definition statement as follows:
int integer1, integer2, sum;
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Identifiers and Case Sensitivity:
• A variable name in C is any valid identifier.
• An identifier is a series of characters consisting of letters

( A-Z,a-z ) , digits ( 0-9 ) and underscores ( _ ) that does
not begin with a digit.
• C is case sensitive — uppercase and lowercase letters are

different in C.
• Example: a1 and A1 are different identifiers.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Prompting Messages:
printf( "Enter first integer\n" );
• Line 12 displays the literal "Enter first integer" and

positions the cursor to the beginning of the next line.
• This message is called a prompt because it tells the user to

take a specific action.
• The user responds by typing an integer, then pressing the

Enter key to send the number to the computer.
enter
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
The scanf function (Input):
• The statement scanf (line 13) obtain the value from the user.
• The computer then assigns this number, or value, to the
variable integer1.
• scanf has two arguments
scanf("%d", &integer1);
Format
Formatspecifier
specifier Address
Addressoperator
operator
Begin with % and followed by Begin with & and followed by

d Indicates the type of data is the variable name, integer1
integer
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
• Some of other different format of format specifiers:
Format Specifier Use for

%c Single character
%s String
%d Signed decimal integer
%f Floating point (decimal notation)
%e Exponential notation
%u Unsigned decimal integer
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Assignment Statement (Operation):
sum = integer1 + integer2;
• The assignment statement in line 18 calculate the total of

variables integer1 and integer2
• Assigns the result to variable sum using the assignment

operator =
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Printing:
• Line 20 calls function printf to print the literal Sum is

followed by the numerical value of variable sum on the screen.
• The printf has two arguments
printf("Sum is %d\n", sum);
Format
Formatspecifier
specifier Address
Addressoperator
operator
It contains some literal

characters “Sum is ”and Specifies the value in
format specifier %d to be variable sum to be printed.
displayed.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Notice
Noticethat
thatthe
theformat
formatspecifier
specifierfor
foran
aninteger
integerisisthe
thesame
sameinin
both printfand
bothprintf andscanf
scanf
• Calculations can also be performed inside printf statements

by combining the previous two statements into the statement
printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2);
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Activity 4.2: Modify the program Activity_4.1.c to enter

TWO integer and display the output as below.
Tips: .
Put comment in
your program and
save your file as
Activity_4.2.c
(c) Multiplying some values
• Our next program (next page) is based π = 3.14

on the Activity 2.1 in Chapter 2.
• The program will obtain an integer

typed for the radius by a user at the
keyboard using scanf, the high value
is consistent, computes the volume and
prints the result using printf.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
1 // Program_04.c
2 // Multiplication program: Calculate a cylinder’s volume
4
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int high, radius; // the values to be entered by user
9 double volume; // variable for result to be stored
10 const double pi = 3.14; // pi value always 3.14
11 char letter = 'B'; // label of the cylinder
12
13 printf( "\nEnter the high: " ); // prompt
14 scanf( "%d", &high ); // read an integer
15
16 printf( "Enter the radius: " ); // prompt
17 scanf( "%d", &radius ); // read an integer
18
19 // assign result to volume
20 volume = pi * high * radius * radius;
21
22 printf("\nVolume for cylinder %c is %f\n\n”, letter ,volume);
1 // Program_04.c
2 // Multiplication program: Calculate a cylinder’s volume
4 Integer
Integer Floating
Floatingpoint
point
5 data types
data types data types
data types
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int high, radius;
9 double volume;
10 const double pi = 3.14;
11 char letter = 'B';
12 Character
13 printf( "\nEnter the high: " ); Character
14 scanf( "%d", &high );
data
datatypes
types
Constant
15Constant
16 printf( "Enter the radius: " );
17 scanf( "%d", &radius );
18 Output:
19
20 volume = pi * high * radius * radius;
21
22 printf("\nVolume for cylinder %c is %f\n\n”, letter ,volume);
23 }
Integer Data Types:
• Line 8 defined the integer variables with valid identifier

(high and radius) in the same line.
• Variables of different types must be in different definition line.
• Each integer has a valid size in bytes.
Data type Size Range
Short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
Unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to 65,535
Int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
Unsigned int 2 bytes 0 to 65,535
Long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
Float 4 bytes 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38
Double 8 bytes 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308

• Integer literal is an integer value that is typed into a

program’s code.
• It stored in memory as int by default.
• Example: In the code, 15 is the integer literal.
high = 15;
radius = 15;
Floating Point Data Types: (Line 9-10)

float
double
• The floating-point data types are: long double
• They can hold real numbers such as: 12.45

-3.8
• Stored in a form similar to scientific notation

• All floating-point numbers are signed
• Floating points can be represented in:
• Fixed point (decimal) notation:

31.4159 0.0000625
• E notation:
3.14159e-1 6.25e-5
• Floating points are double by default.
• It can be forced to be:

• float (3.14159f) or
• long double (0.0000625L)
Constants:
• Line 10 initialized a qualifier constant pi = 3.14 within

the main function.
• Constants stored in memory location that holds a non-

changeable value.
• Must be initialized with a value
• Can not be modified after initialization
• 2 ways to declare constant:

• Using type qualifier const
• Using #define preprocessor directive
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
• preprocessor directive constant must be initialized before

the main function.
• Example: • Syntax
:
#include <stdio.h>
#define NAME value
#define PI 3.14
int main( void ) the

thename
nameisisusually
usually
{ capitalized
capitalized
int high, radius;
double volume;
• • Preprocessor
Preprocessordirectives
directives
.
are not statements.
are not statements.
.
• • There
Thereshould
shouldbebeno
no
.
semicolon
semicolonatatthe
theend.
end.
}
Character Data Type
• Line 11 defined as char that used to hold characters or

very small integer values.
• Usually the size is 1 byte (8 bits) of memory.
• Numeric value of character from the character set is stored

in memory.
CODE: MEMORY
:
char letter;
letter = 'C'; letter
67
Important:
Important:Note
Notethat
thatthe
thevalue
valueofofaacharacter
characterisisenclosed
enclosed
ininsingle
singlequotes
quotesmarks.
marks.Example:‘B’
Example:‘B’
• A computer normally stores characters using the ASCII code

(American Standard Code for Information Exchange)
• ASCII is used to represent:
❖ the characters A to Z (both upper and lower case)
❖ the digits 0 to 9
❖ special characters (e.g. @, <, etc)
❖ special control codes
• The decimal code will be converted into binary (stored as a

integer byte)
Table: Character constants Table: Decimal value for symbols
Char Special symbols Decimal

Symbol
(code)
‘\n’ New line
65 A
‘\t’ horizontal tab
66 B
‘\v’ vertical tab 67 C
‘\r’ carriage return 68 D
‘\b’ backspace 69 E
97 a
‘\f’ formfeed
98 b
‘\\’ Backslash (\) 99 c
‘\x41’ Hexa 0x41 100 d
‘\101’ Octal 101 101 e
‘\0’ null
Printing:
• For printing the output (Line 22), we need to use the correct
format specifier for:
• char data type, letter
• double data type, volume.
printf(“Volume for cylinder %c is %f”, letter ,volume);
Format
Formatspecifier
specifier
%c will displays the %f will displays the

char data type value. double data type value.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Figure: Data type with the correct format specifier

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5b2Smx0fx5E/TrGT3SrXa1I/AAAAAAAAAH4/SsnplVh7agk/s1600/Format+Specifications+in+C+programming+language.bmp
Activity 4.3: Modify the program Activity_4.2.c to calculate

the circle area and the volume of a cylinder.
Assume that you need to enter TWO integer values
Tips: .
for it high and radius.
Put comment in
your program and Display the output as below.
save it file as
Activity_4.3.c
Solution 4.3:
Activity_4.3.c
Hint:
Hint:Need
Needtoto
write
write%.2f
%.2f
Activity 4.4: Modify the program Activity_4.3.c to calculate

the circle area and the volume of a cylinder.
Now, assume that you need to enter TWO floating
Tips: .
point values for it high and radius.
Put comment in
your program and Display the output as below.
save it file as
Activity_4.4.c
Summary of the Simple C Programs
• ALL statements end with a semicolon! (;)
• C is case sensitive.
• printf() is NOT the same as Printf().
• All C commands (functions) are lowercase.
To make your program more

readable:
• Always write comments.
• Indent your code.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Chapter 4 Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.5 Summary
Chapter 4 4.5 Summary
• The C language facilitates a structured and disciplined

approach to write a computer program.
• Always write comments to document the programs and

practice coding with a good programming style will
improve program readability.
• A syntax error is caused when compiler cannot recognize

a statement. Normally the compiler will issues an error
message to help us to locate and fix the incorrect
statement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Chapter 4
Self-Reviews
Chapter 4 Self-Review
Exercise 4.1: Fill in the blanks in each of the following questions.
a) Every C program begins execution at the

function __________.
b) Every statement ends with a(n) __________.
c) The __________ standard library function

displays information on the screen.
d) The __________ standard library function is

used to obtain data from the keyboard.
Solution 4.1: Fill in the blanks in each of the following questions.
a) Every C program begins execution at the

function main.
b) Every statement ends with a(n) semicolon.
c) The print standard library function displays

information on the screen.
d) The scanf standard library function is used to

obtain data from the keyboard.
Exercise 4.2: Calculate and display the power (watts) and the
voltage (volts) when enter TWO set of floating point
values contain the current (amps) and resistance
Tips: .
(ohms) from the keyboard.
Put comment in
your program and The result values should be displayed with a
save it file as precision of 3. You can only declare 4 variables.
Exercise_4.2.c

PF Lecture 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PF Lecture 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 4:

• Understand the structure of the program.

• Understand a good programming style.

• Write simple computer programs using C

• Use simple input and output statements.

• Use the fundamental data types.

• The C language facilitates a structured and

• In this chapter we introduce the basic C programming

• Each example is analyzed one statement at a time to

• In Chapter 1, we have briefly described the common elements in

• Basic structure of the C program consists of a few parts.

• Example: Coding in C++

using namespace std: (No global variable)

cout<<“My First C Program\n";

1. Global declarations set up

2. Function main executed

1. Local declarations set up

• The programming style is is a term used to describe the

• Good organization of the code and meaningful variable

• The programming style does not affect the syntax of the

• Common elements to improve readability:

• Braces { } aligned vertically.

• Indentation of statements within a set of braces.

• Blank lines between declaration and other statements.

• Long statements wrapped over multiple lines with

• C doesn’t care much about spaces !

• All of these programs are exactly the same as the original

• Note that words have to be kept together and so do things

/* Program_01.c 4 • As you can see, the

• Orderly indentation is very important; it makes your code

1 // Program_01.c The main

" " Open/close quotation Encloses string of characters

• Line 1, 2 and 5 begin with //

• The preceding comment simply describes the file name and

• Comments also help other people read and understand

• You may also use /*...*/ for multi-line comments.

/* function main begins program execution */

• We prefer // comments because they’re shorter and

• Line 3 is a directive to the C preprocessor.

add the header file stdio.h to this file

int main( void ) Header

• Consists of header and body

•Functions can return information.

• Functions also can receive information when are called

printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );

• The entire line is called statement.

• When the printf statement executed, it prints the message

• Notice that the character \n were not printed on the screen.

• The backslash (\) is called an escape character.

• It indicates that printf is supposed to do something out of

• The \n means newline that causes the cursor to position to

printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );

Example: Using multiple printf

1 // Program_02.c • The first printf (line 8)

Activity 4.1: Write a C program to display your name as the

• Our next program (next page) uses the Standard Library

• As stated earlier, each program begins execution with main.

• The left brace { (line 7) marks the beginning of the body of

• Line 8-10 are definitions.

• The names integer1, integer2 and sum are the names

• These variables are of type int, which means that they’ll

• All variables must be defined with a name and a data type

• Definitions could have been combined into a single

• You may also use /.../ for multi-line comments.