Sampling

Contents

• Sampling
• Sample
• Importance of Sampling
• Method
• Types of Sampling
Sample:
A portion taken from a whole is called a Sample.
Eg: 1 cup out of 10 kg rice.

Sampling:
The process of taking a portion from the whole and study it either how the results are
achieved and then generalize the sample with the whole population.

Eg: cooking 1 cup of the rice and observing the results.

they are good, they break after cooking etc..
What is not a good Sampling ?
Example:

We want to conduct a research study and want to include the medical

students of Afghanistan.

Sampling

Take students from just Khost and Kabul provinces.

Is it capable of generalizing the results on the whole country.

What is the best way to achieve good results based on Sampling ?

Methods
• We should select samples which can represent the whole
population
• Each and every sample should have equal chance.
• Our samples should not be biased.
 Probability Sampling

When each and every individual gets equal chance for getting
participated in the study.

Population vs Sample
E.g. Suppose we want to conduct a research study on Computer science faculties of
Afghanistan

If each and every faculty of the university gets equal chance to participate in the
research study, we call this as probability sampling.
Types of Sampling
Sampling

Probability Non-Probability
Sampling Sampling

Simple Random Stratified Convenience

Quota Sampling
Sampling Sampling Sampling

Systematic Cluster Snowball Judgmental

Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling
 Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Is a method of sampling in which, every member of the population (N) has
an equal chance of being selected for the sample (n).

Stratified Sampling
This is a method in which, the whole population is split into non-
overlapping groups (Strata) then simple random sampling is performed on
each group to determine the sample.
 Probability Sampling
Systematic Sampling
This is a sampling method in which, every nth element or subject of the
population is selected for the required sample.
For example, to select a sample of 121 buyers from the whole population
of buyers from Finest Super Market. we set a criteria of nth (7th) that every
7 buyer will be selected for our sample till it gets to the required sample
size (121).
Cluster Sampling
In this method, the population of research may be of different section
from which the sample must be drawn. For instance, we may take our
sample that should represent the population from north, south, east, west
and central zones of the Afghanistan.
Non-probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling or Voluntary response sampling is the easiest
way to obtain individuals from a population to be placed in the sample.
Often, the individuals opt to be part of the sample.

Judgmental Sampling
Judgmental or purposiveness sampling is a method in which, the
sample is selected from a population on a certain and specific purpose.
 Non-probability Sampling
Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is a type of sampling in which, the sample size (n) is
initially determined and quoted to be picked up from the population.

Snowball Sampling
Snowball or reference sampling is a method in which, the sample is
selected to represent to population on a matter of reference. For example,
one respondent may refer the researcher to another potential respondent
of the same nature so the sample size gets bigger till it comes to
sufficiency.
 Selecting Sample Size
•  Selecting sufficient – appropriate size of a sample that fairly represent a
population depends on how it takes place. For rationality, we use the
following equation to choose a sample size:

Where n stands for sample size, α is the 95% confidence interval, is the
population standard deviation and is the error squared.
Selecting Sample Size
•  Suppose we have the following information available on the
basis of which, we can compute the sample size:
α = 1.96, σ = 20 and E = 4, then we derive the sample size as

So, the sample size is computed to be 96. you should

remember that as much as the std. dev. Increases the sample
size increases too.
 Simple random Sampling
Method:

• Suppose we have 100 computer science departments through out Afghanistan.

• I assign a number to each department, write it on a card and put it in a box.
• I pick up 10 cards randomly from the box.
• Suppose each of the 10 departments have 1000 students.
• I take the data of the students of the whole 10 departments and then allot them a
number individually.
• suppose the total number of students is 10000 and my sample size is 500, I pick
500 students randomly from the box.
• So finally I approach only those students which are selected.
 Systematic random Sampling
Method
Suppose I want to conduct study on the prevalence of Anemia in adult population of Khost aged 30
to 50.

• I go to census department and collect the data of the population of Khost

• I list those people whose ages are between 30 to 50 we get 20,000 population.
• Suppose I want to select 1000 people for my study.
• I just divide 2000 by 1000 and get 20.
• So I set interval of 20 i.e. I pick 1 individual after every 20 people till I reach my target that is 1000
people.
so we get a systematic way to achieve the sample.
 Cluster Sampling
Method

Suppose I want to conduct a study on very big population, suppose the whole
population of Afghanistan.
• I cant take the whole population of Afghanistan, it is difficult to acquire
• I divide the population in clusters, suppose I make clusters of villages and
Cities. Example. Cities : Kabul, Khost, Herat, Kandahar and villages: A,B,C,D
• Here the population in each and every city and village is of non-
homogenous groups. i.e. every individual have different characteristics and
nature. Example in Khost, you will get a Persian, Tajik, Uzbek resident as
well as their age groups and religion differ.
 Continued

• Suppose we found that there are 50 cities in Afghanistan and I want

5 cities for my study
• So we conduct systematic random sampling and get 10 interval. So I
select every 10th city.
• Again I conduct systematic random sampling to get my required 2000
samples, because it is impossible to take samples from the whole 37
million and from the whole 50 cities.
• Put in mind that in Cluster sampling, the samples are of non-
homogenous nature.
 Stratified random Sampling
• It is of the same type like Cluster sampling but it only differs in
the nature of the groups.
• The groups made in this kind of sampling are called Strata.
• They are of homogenous nature as compared to Cluster
sampling.
Difference b/w Cluster and Strata
In the previous example all the people living in the cities were of
non-homogenous nature like ages, religions, color, languages. We
are not concerned with their differences.
Example:
Suppose we want to check the anemia prevalence in Kabul.
So I divide the population into different Strata.
1. Children Strata
2. Youngster Strata
3. Adults Strata

• I will define their ages according to the above strata such as age
groups from 5 to 15 are children and 18 to 30 young and vice versa.
So in this strata every member in each strata is either a child or an adult.
• So we can select samples from strata After that we can apply either
simple or systematic sampling
Advantages of Strata sampling

• This is the best type of sampling because it is based on

strata
• The type is either simple or systematic sampling
• The results are authentic can be generalized over the
whole population

Cons
• It is time consuming method.
• It is expensive.
• Less convenience.