Cell types

By:
Dr.Alkhair Abd Almahmoud Idris
B.Sc,M.Sc , Ph.D University of Khartoum
 The cell
The cell is the basic structural and functional
unit of all known living organisms.
It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as
a living thing, and is often called the building
block of life.
Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are
unicellular (consist of a single cell).
 The cell
Other organisms, such as humans, are
multicellular.
Humans have an estimated 100 trillion; a
typical cell size is 10 micro millemeter; a
typical cell mass is 1 nanogram) .
The largest known cell is an unfertilized
ostrich egg cell.
 Stages of classification
The cell theory states that all organisms are
composed of one or more cells.
 All cells come from preexisting cells, that vital
functions of an organism occur within cells.
All cells contain the hereditary informations
necessary for regulating cell functions and for
transmitting information to the next generation
of cells.
 Name of cell
The word cell comes from the Latin cellula,
meaning a small room.
 Anatomy of cells
There are two types of cells:
 1-Eukaryotic cell.
2- Prokaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic cells are usually independent,
while eukaryotic cells are often found in
multicellular organisms.
 Prokaryotic cell
The prokaryotic cell is simpler, and therefore
smaller, than a eukaryote cell, lacking a
nucleus and most of the other organells of
eukaryotes.
There are two kinds of prokaryotes: bacteria
and archaea; this share a similar overall
structure.
 Structure of prokaryotic cell
A prokaryotic cell has three architectural
regions:
On the outside, flagella and pili project from
the cell's surface.
 These are structures made of proteins that
facilitate movement and communication
between cells.
 Structure of prokaryotic cell
Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope generally
consisting of a cell wall covering a plasma
membrane though some bacteria also have a
further covering layer called a capsule.
Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that
contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes
and various sorts of inclusions.
 Size of eukaryotic cell
 Eukaryotic cells are about 15 times the size of
a typical prokaryote and can be as much as
1000 times greater in volume.
 Comparison of features of prokaryotic
.and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

protists, fungi, bacteria, Typical

plants, animals archaea organisms

100–10 ~ micro 1-10 Typical size

micrometer meter
(sperm cells, apart
from the tail, are
smaller)
 Comparison of features of prokaryotic
.and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
real nucleus with Nucleoid Type of nucleus
double membrane region; no
real nucleus

linear molecules circular DNA

(chromosomes) (usually)
with histone
protein
 Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
flagella and cilia Flagella Cell movement
containing made of
microtubules; flagellin
lamelliopidia and
filopodia containing
actin

one to several none Mitochondria

thousand (though
some lack
mitochondria)
 Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

in algae and plants none Choroplasts

Mitosis(fission or Binary Cell division

budding) fission(simple
meiosis division)
Typical plant cell Typical animal
cell
Nucleus Nucleus Organelles
Nucleolus (within Nucleolus
nucleus) (within
nucleus)

Rough Rough
endoplasmic endolplasmic
reticulum(ER) reticulum(ER)
Typical plant cell Typical animal
cell

Organelles

Smooth Smooth
endoplasmic endoplasmic
reticulum reticulum
Typical plant cell Typical animal
cell

Ribosomes Ribosomes Organelles

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton

Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus

Typical plant Typical animal
cell cell
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Organelles

Mitochondria Mitochondria

- Vesicles

- Lysosomes
Typical plant cell Typical animal
cell
Organelles
- Centrosome

- Centrioles

Central vacuoles Vacuoles

Chloroplast -
Eukaryotic cell structure