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Chapter 3: DERIVATIVES: Department of Mathematics, FPT University
Chapter 3: DERIVATIVES: Department of Mathematics, FPT University
Engineering: Calculus
Chapter 3: DERIVATIVES
Department of Mathematics, FPT University
DERIVATIVES
3.1
Defining the Derivatives
2
x -1
mPQ =
x- 1
THE TANGENT PROBLEM Example 1
y =2 x - 1
TANGENTS Definition
The tangent line to the curve y = f(x) at the point P(a, f(a))
is the line through P with slope
f ( x) - f (a )
m =lim
x® a x- a
provided that this limit exists.
THE VELOCITY PROBLEM Example 2
s(t) = 4.9t2
THE VELOCITY PROBLEM
change in position
average velocity =
time elapsed
s 5.1 s 5
49.49 m/s
0.1
v = 49 m/s
VELOCITIES Definition
f ( a + h) - f ( a )
v(a ) =lim
h® 0 h
DERIVATIVES Definition
f ( a + h) - f ( a )
f '(a ) =lim
h® 0 h
f ( x) - f (a)
f '(a) =lim
x® a x- a
DERIVATIVES
3.2
The Derivative as a Function
DERIVATIVES
f ( a + h) - f ( a )
f '(a) =lim
h® 0 h
f ( x + h) - f ( x )
f '( x) =lim
h® 0 h
OTHER NOTATIONS
dy df d
f '( x) = y ' = = = f ( x) =Df ( x) =Dx f ( x)
dx dx dx
dy dy
or
dx xa dx x a
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a,
then f is continuous at a.
2
d æ dy ö d y
ç ÷= 2
dx è dx ø dx
HIGHER DERIVATIVES
d
(c ) =0
dx
d d n
dx
c 0
dx
x nx n 1
'
f gf ' fg '
fg ' fg ' gf ' 2
g
g
3.5 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3.9 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
TANGENT AND NORMAL LINES Example 12
Find equations of the tangent line and normal line
to the curve
y x /(1 x 2 )
y x 1
4
3
4
3.4
Derivatives as Rates of
change
DERIVATIVES
RATES OF CHANGE Example
By Equation 5, D (t ) - D(1990)
D '(1990) = lim
t ® 1990 t - 1990
So, we compute and tabulate values of the difference
quotient as follows.
RATES OF CHANGE Example
3.6
The chain rule
THE CHAIN RULE
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
Let f(x)=g(sin3x). Find f’ in terms
of g’.
A 3cos3xg’(x)
B 3cos3xg’(sin3x)
C cos3xg’(sin3x)
Answer: b
Suppose h(x)=f(g(x)) and f(2)=3, g(2)=1,
g’(2)=1, f’(2)=2, f’(1)=5.
Find h’(2).
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
E 5
Answer: e
DERIVATIVES
3.6
Implicit Differentiation
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
d 2 2 d
( x + y ) = (25)
dx dx
d 2 d 2
( x ) + ( y ) =0
dx dx
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION Example 1 a
Remembering that y is a function of x and
using the Chain Rule, we have:
d 2 d 2 dy dy
(y ) = (y ) =2 y
dx dy dx dx
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx
dy dy x
Then, we solve this equation for : =-
dx dx y
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION E. g. 1 b—Solution 1
So, dy 3
=-
dx 4
Thus, an equation of the tangent to the circle at (3, 4)
is: y – 4 = – ¾(x – 3) or 3x + 4y = 25.
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION Example 4
Find y” if x4 + y4 = 16.
3 3 3 3 3
d æ x ö y (d / dx)( x ) - x ( d / dx)( y )
y '' = ç- 3 ÷=-
dx è y ø ( y 3 )2
y 3 ×3 x 2 - x 3 (3 y 2 y ')
=- 6
y
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION Example 4