HORMONE

Chapter 8
 Learning Outcomes
• List endocrine glands and hormones.
• Recognize hormone receptors.
• Describe mechanism of hormone synthesis.
• Explain regulation of hormones in the
body.
• Explain the mechanism of hormone action
group I and II.
 Endocrine System
• Organs (glands) that secrete hormones
directly into body fluids such as
blood.
• Regulates chemical reaction in cells
and therefore control functions of the
organs, tissues, and other cells.
 Hormones
• Each hormones is different in chemical
composition, structure and action.
• Can be short-lived or may last for days.
• Precisely regulated.
• Classification of hormones:
Proteins
Steroids
Amino acids
 Releasing Hormone -
Tissue/Organ
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary gland
3. Thyroid gland
4. Parathyroid gland
5. Thymus gland
6. Adrenal gland
7. Pineal gland
8. Pancreas
9. Testes
10. Ovaries
 Hypothalamus
• Example of hormones release:
• Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
• Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)
• Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
• Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
• Luteinising hormone releasing hormone
(LHRH)
• Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
 Pituitary Gland
• 2 areas:
• Anterior pituitary
• Posterior pituitary
 Anterior Posterior
pituitary pituitary
• Growth hormone • Antidiuretic
(GH) hormone (ADH)
• Thyroid stimulating • Oxytocin
hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotrophi
c Hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)
• Prolactin
 Growth Hormone
• Stimulates the growth of bone, muscle and
other organs.
• Promoting protein synthesis.

Dwarfism: Gigantism:
hyposecretion hypersecretion
of GH of GH
 Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)
• Causes thyroid to secrete thyroid
hormone.
• Hyperthyroidism: thyroid gland
enlarges, secrete too much thyroid
hormone.
• Hypothyroidism: atrophy of thyroid
gland, too little hormone.
 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
• Stimulate the secretion of cortisol.
• Affects melanocytes in the skin.
• Increases pigmentation.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
• Stimulate the development of ovum
and sperm.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Causes ovulation.

Prolactin Hormone
• Promotes development of female
breast during pregnancy.
• Stimulates milk production after birth.
Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH)
• Enhances water reabsorption in the
kidneys– reduce urine volume.

Oxytoxin
• Induces uterus contractions and milk
ejection.
 Thyroid Gland
• The thyroid gland
produces:
Triiodothyronine (T3)
• Cellular metabolism.
Thyroxine (T4)
• Stimulating
metabolism and
protein synthesis.
Calcitonin
• Store calcium in
bone, lower calcium
level in blood. Follicular cell (T3. T4)
 Thyroid Gland
• Hypothyrodism
 Thyroid Gland
• Hyperthyrodism:
Graves’ disease:
• Abnormal
antibodies mimic
effect of TSH on
thyroids.
• Bulging of the eye
because of edema
in the orbit.
 Parathyroid Gland
• Paratormon
hormone
• Stimulates Ca2+
release from bone
to increase
calcium level in
blood.
 Thymus Gland
• Thymosin hormone
• Promotes
maturation of
T lymphocytes.
 Adrenal Gland
• Each gland has 2 endocrine parts:
• Cortex
• Medulla
 Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
 Aldosterone  Epinephrine (adrenaline) and
• Regulates electrolyte (Na, norepinephrine
K) and fluid. (noradrenaline)
 Cortisol • Both act as
• Released in stress, injury, neurotransmitter.
or serious infection.
• Increase metabolism of fat
and proteins, conserve
glucose.
 Gonadocorticoids
• Androgens and estrogen.
• Development of
reproductive organ.
• Minimal amounts.
 Pineal Gland
• Secrete melatonin to :
• Biological clock
• May play a role in onset of puberty
 Pancreas
• Pancreas has Islets of
Langerhans that consist of:
Alpha cells that secrete
glucagon
Beta cells that secrete insulin
 Testes
• Secrete testosterone:
• Stimulate the development and
maintenance of the male
reproductive system.
• Increased skeletal and muscular
growth.
• Enlargement of larynx.
• Growth and distribution of body hair.
• Increased sexual drive.
 Ovaries
• Estrogens
• Maintenance of female reproductive system
• Development of breast
• Distribution of fat
• Maturation of reproduction organs
• Progesterone
• Involved in preparing and maintaining the
uterus
• Together with estrogen: female menstrual
cycle
Hormone Receptor
 Hormone Receptor
• Affects only specific target cells.
• Like neurotransmitter, influence their target
cell by chemically binding to specific protein
receptor.
• For example:
TSH binding on cell of the thyroid gland, TSH
does not bind to cells of ovaries because ovarian
do not have TSH receptor.
• Hormone receptor are constantly being
synthesized and broken down.
 Hormone Receptor
• If a hormone is present in excess, the number
of target cell receptor may decrease  down
regulation.
• E.g.: Testes are exposed to a high concentration
of LH, the number of LH receptor decreases
makes a target cell less sensitive to a hormone.
• In contrast, when hormone is deficient, the
number of receptor may increases  up
regulation. Makes target cell more sensitive
to a hormone.
 Mechanism of Hormone
Synthesis
• The release most hormones occurs in short
burst, with little or no secretion between burst.
• When stimulated, the endocrine gland release
its hormone in more frequent burst.
• Increasing the concentration in the blood.
• In the absence of stimulation, the blood
hormone level decreases.
• Regulation of secretion normally prevents
overproduction or underproduction of any
given hormone.
 Mechanism of Hormone
Synthesis
• Hormone secretion is regulated by:
Signals from nervous system
Chemical changes in the blood
Other hormones
 Hormone Regulatory
• Most hormonal regulatory system work via negative feedback but
a few operate via positive feedback.
• Positive feedback mechanisms control self-perpetuating events
that can be out of control and do not require continuous
adjustment.
• In positive feedback mechanisms, the original stimulus is
promoted.
• Positive feedback increases the deviation from an ideal normal
value.
• Positive feedback example:
 During lactation, the suckling action of an infant produces
prolactin, which leads to milk production
 More suckling leads to more prolactin, which in turn leads to
more lactation.
 This is a positive feedback system as the product (milk)
produces more suckling and more hormone.
Positive Feedback
 Hormone Regulatory
• Negative feedback decreases the deviation
from an ideal normal value, and is important
in maintaining homeostasis.
• Most endocrine glands are under the control
of negative feedback mechanisms.
• Negative feedback example:
 A rise in blood glucose stimulates insulin
secretion, lead to decrease in blood
glucose.
 Lower blood glucose inhibits further
insulin secretion.
Negative Feedback