Quality Control- Timber &

Structural Steel
BY: PAWAN KUMAR
Group Members (Group-1)

 Amit Kumar
 Pankaj Kumar
 Pradum Kumar
 Sachin Kumar
I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University

Material Testing And Evaluation

Subject Code: BTCE-402-18
Semester: 4th
Civil Engineering
Acknowledgement

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our teacher Er. Tejinder Thakur who
gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful presentation on the topic Quality Control-
Timber & Structural Steel, which also helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to know
about so many new things we are really thankful to them.
Secondly we would also like to thank our friends who helped us a lot in finalizing this within the
limited time frame.
Contents

Timber
 Introduction
 Sampling & Acceptance Criterion
 Code of Practice and Guidelines

Structural Steel
 Introduction
 Sampling & Acceptance Criterion
 Code of Practice and Guidelines
Introduction to Quality Control

 Quality Control is the system of maintaining standards in manufactured products by

testing a sample of the output against the specification.
 Department is deal with Sampling, Specification & Analytical Procedure preparation &
appropriate execution.
 It is important to ensure specification of products, quality inspection and tests services.
There are two types of quality control that can be applied:
 Process control - checks that the process is being conducted in the way that will produce
material of consistent quality. Typical of process control is the testing and training of
graders used in the visual grading process.
 Product checking - looks at the output from the process and establishes whether or not the
properties of the product are consistent and within the specification for the product
Importance of Quality Control

 Quality: Quality is a relative term and is used with reference to the end use of the
product.
 Quality of Design: Quality of design of a construction is concerned with the
specifications
 Conforming to Quality: Conforming to quality means the quality of the
product/construction to be of a required order.
 Quality of Performance: It is connected with how well the constructed item gives its
performance. It depends on both the quality of design and the quality of conformance.
 Characteristics of Quality: Quality of a particular object may be assessed by some
parameters which are physical or chemical in nature.
Important Terms

 Sampling:- Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined

number of observations are taken from a larger production.
 Acceptance:- Acceptance sampling is a statistical measure used in quality control. It
allows a company to determine the quality of a batch of products by selecting a specified
number for testing.
 Code of Practice:- The Code of Practice details the key principles and processes by
which the Manufacturing Unit assures itself of the standards and quality of its products.
 Guidelines:- A guideline is a statement by which to determine a course of action. A
guideline aims to streamline particular processes according to a set of general rule,
principle, or piece of advice.
Stages for Quality Control

 Product Planning and Quality Program Definition.

 Product Design and Development.
 Process Design and Development.
 Validation of Product and Process.
 Production Launch, Assessment, and Improvement.
TIMBER
Quality Control- Timber

 Timber producers will have their own quality control systems and manuals, and in some cases seek
endorsement for their quality system.
 Product checking is used for all timber products including plywood, glulam and manufactured items such as
I-Beams.
 Every piece can be checked by a different grading method.
 Periodically (typically once per year) a sample may be collected and subjected to more strenuous testing.
Usually two properties would be determined for each piece, ie Modulus of Elasticity and bending strength.
Steps of Quality Control
 Process Monitoring
 Process Calibration
 Process Optimization
Inspection of Timber Wood Quality

 Volume Quantity timber wood survey  Wood shaving and polishing

 Quality timber wood inspection  Couplings, mortise and assemble
 Specification of name species tested and certified  The smooth operation between the parts
 Visual and physical internal and external  Structural rigidity and mechanical strength
 Size and dimension measurement and calculation  Weight and quantity
 Structure and shape  Painting and coating
 Moisture of wood and material  Packing and label
 Skill and workmanship  Loading/ lashing survey
 SAMPLING AND
ACCAPTANCE CRITERIA
OF TIMBER
Methods of sampling of timber scantlings from
depots and their conversion for testing (IS: 8720 –
1978)
SAMPLING
 According to IS 8720-1978 lays down the methods of sampling of timber in the form of
scantlings from depots, and their conversion into test specimens for determination of physical
and mechanical properties.

SELECTION OF SCANTLINGS
 Before selection, all information regarding the species, source of procurement and date of
procurement shall be noted. Material shall contain minimum of 50 and maximum of 500 logs or
converted material. Number of logs or converted material in a lot shall be recorded.
Methods of sampling of timber scantlings from
depots and their conversion for testing (IS: 8720 –
1978)
 Only one scantling of about 13 x 13 cm in c/s and 1.5 m in length shall be taken out from the individual logs
or the converted timber for the purpose of tests.
 Ten percent of the total scantlings subject to a minimum of 20 shall be selected randomly from the lot
according to IS: 4905-1968.
 The number of scantlings to be selected from the lot shall depend upon the size of as given below:

LOT SIZE NUMBER OF SCANTLING

UP TO 150 20
151 TO 300 32
301 TO 500 50
 All scantlings chosen from a lot shall be taken as one consignment.
Methods of sampling of timber scantlings from
depots and their conversion for testing (IS: 8720 –
1978)
 All the scantlings in a consignment shall be properly marked as below:
 Name and location of depot by suitable abbreviation.
 Abbreviation of species.
 Consignment and scantling number.
 All the scantlings shall be packed in such a manner that they may not be affected by moisture or
mechanical hazards during transportation to testing place.
MARKING AND CONVERSION OF SCANTLINGS INTO TEST SPECIMENS:-
 Before conversion all the scantlings shall be identified.
 Each scantling shall be marked at one end and sawn length-wise in 4 sticks of the same length and 6 x 6
cm in c/s.
Methods of sampling of timber scantlings from
depots and their conversion for testing (IS: 8720 –
1978)
 All the sticks shall be marked to indicate its identity as below: Project No.-
Consignment No.-Scantling No.-Stick Mark.
For example, 1--------------20---------------5----------------B
 All the sticks shall be placed in a conditioning chamber maintained at 27 + 2 °
C and 65 + 5 percent RH for about a week so as to minimize the moisture
variation within the material.
 The length of the test specimens for various tests shall be in accordance with IS:
1708-1969 *.
 All the specimens shall be clear, straight grained, free from decay and other
defects
 All the test specimens shall also be marked with the indicative number of the
concerned test for easy selection at the time of testing.
Selection of the test specimens from the 4 sticks
of each scantling test method of selection

TEST METHOD OF SELECTION

1. STATIC BENDING One specimen from each of the diagonally opposite

sticks (two specimens in total).

2. IMPACT BENDING One specimen in any one of the remaining two sticks
(one specimen only) but not exceeding six in lot.

3. IZOD One specimen from uninjured portion of each of the

tested static and impact bending specimen.

4. COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN One specimen from each stick (4 specimens to grain
in total from a scantling)
5. COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO
GRAIN.
6. HARDNESS
7. SHEAR PARALLEL TO GRAIN
8. TENSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN
9. TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN
10. TORSION
11. NAIL AND SCREW WITHDRAWAL
One specimen from one of the two sticks from
which specimens of static bending are taken (only
one specimen).
One specimen from the other stick selected for
static bending (only one specimen).
One pair of specimens from the remaining stick.
tested in radial direction and the other shall be
tested in tangential direction (two specimens in
total) .
One pair as mentioned for shear test (two specimens
in total).
One specimen from the remaining material.
One specimen from the remaining material.
One specimen from the remaining material.
Methods of testing of small clear specimens of
timber

Determination Of Moisture Content:-

Test Specimen:-
 The test specimen for determining moisture content shall generally be taken
from the tested specimens immediately after completion of each mechanical
test and as far as possible near the place of failure.
 It shall be about 25 cm in length and of full section as the tested piece. In the
case of shear test, the detached portion of the section 5 x 5 cm or 2 x 2 cm
shall be taken for determination of moisture content.
 Only moisture content is to be determined the dimensions shall be taken as
2.5 cm in length and 2 x 2 cm or 5 x 5 cm in cross-section.
Methods of testing of small clear specimens of
timber
Acceptance Criteria:-
 According to IS Code 1708 (part-1)1986, the sample shall be weighed with accuracy of 0.001 g in a weighing balance
and then dried in a ventilated oven at average temperature 103±2° c.
 The drying shall be considered to be complete when the variation between last too weightings does not exceed 0.002
g.
 The acceptable moisture levels of wood and lumber are in the range of 6% to 8% for interior and 9% to 14% for
exterior
Determination Of Specific Gravity:-
Test Specimen:-
 Test specimens shall be 5 x 5 cm in cross-section and 15 cm in length or 2 x 2 cm in cross-section and 6 cm in length.
Methods of testing of small clear specimens of
timber

Acceptance Criteria:-
 According to IS code 1708 (part 2) – 1986, specimen shall be weight correct to 0.001 g.
 The dimensions of rectangular specimen shall be measured correct to 0.01cm.
 The volume shall be calculated by multiplying all the three dimension.
 Acceptable value is less than 1.
Determination Of Impact Bending Strength :-
Test Specimen :-
 The specimen shall be 5 x 5 cm in cross section and 75 cm in length or 2 x 2 cm in cross
section and 30 cm in length.
 Specimen shall be free from defects and shall not have a slop of grain more than 1 in 20
parallel to longitudinal edges.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

According to IS code 1708(part 7) – 1986,

 The first drop of hammer is from a height of 50 mm after which the height of successive
drops is increased by 20mm until a height of 250 mm reached and there after increment
in height of 50 mm until complete failure occurs or 150 mm or 60 mm deflection is
reached for the two sizes respectively.
CODE OF PRACTICE AND
GUIDELINES FOR TIMBER
Code of Practice

 IS codes are used for standardization of Timber and Timber Stores.

 These IS Codes include classification of commercial timbers; sizing defects of timbers;
seasoning and treatment of timber; logs for plywood; standard dimensions for wood
poles of Indian species for various breaking loads; moisture content and specification of
timber for various uses; methods of testing timber; grading of wood; joinery; timber in
building construction, floors; grading of timber, sizes of graded timber.
Code of Practice (General)

 IS 4970:1973 Key for identification of commercial timbers

 IS 2408:1963 Methods of static tests of timber in structural sizes
 IS 2455:1990 Method of sampling of model trees and logs and their conversion for
timber testing
 IS 1141:1993 Seasoning of timber
 IS 287:1993 Permissible moisture content for timber used for different purposes
 IS 1331:1971 Specification for cut sizes of timber
 IS 1503:1988 Specification for wooden packing cases
 IS 401:2001 Preservation of timber
Code of Practice (Testing)

 IS 1708(Part 1):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 1

Determination of moisture content
 IS 1708(Part 2):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 2
Determination of specific gravity
 IS 1708(Part 3):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 3
Determination of volumetric shrinkage
 IS 1708(Part 4):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 4
Determination of radial and tangential shrinkage and fibre saturation point
 IS 1708(Part 5):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 5
Determination of static bending strength
Code of Practice (Testing)

 IS 1708(Part 6):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 6

Determination of static bending strength under two point loading
 IS 1708(Part 7):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 7
Determination of impact bending strength
 IS 1708(Part 8):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 8
Determination of compressive strength parallel to grain
 IS 1708(Part 9):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 9
Determination of compressive strength perpendicular to grain
 IS 1708(Part 10):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 10
Determination of hardness under static indentation
Code of Practice (Testing)

 IS 1708(Part 11):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 11

Determination of shear strength parallel to grain
 IS 1708(Part 12):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 12
Determination of tensile strength parallel to grain
 IS 1708(Part 13):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 13
Determination of tensile strength perpendicular to grain
 IS 1708(Part 14):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 14
Determination of cleavage strength parallel to grain
 IS 1708(Part 15):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 15
Determination of nail and screw holding power
Code of Practice (Testing)

 IS 1708(Part 16):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 16

Determination of brittleness by Izod impact
 IS 1708(Part 17):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 17
Determination of brittleness by Charpy impact
 IS 1708(Part 18):1986 Methods of testing of small specimens of timber: Part 18
Determination of torsional strength
Guidelines

 IS codes are used for Guidelines of Timber and Timber Stores.

Some of the important Guidelines of Quality Control of Timber are:-
 IS 2683:1980 Guide for installation of impregnation plants for timber
 IS 4423:1999 Hand-sawing of timber – Guide
 IS 7315:1974 Guidelines for design, installation and testing of timber seasoning kilns
(Compartment type with cross-forced air circulation)
 IS 9104:1979 Guide for storage and protection of logs and sawn timber
 IS 9576:1980 Guide for mill sawing of timber
 IS 10687:1983 Guidelines for nailing of large framed wooden containers
 IS 15890:2010 Design, installation and testing of solar timber seasoning kiln- Guidelines
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
Quality Control- Structural Steel

 Inspection for Structural Steel is a sample procedure for Structural Steel inspection and
Structural Steel testing in manufacturing shop and site.
 Indian Standards covered under the Quality Control of steel is IS: 800-2007 attained by
Ministry of Steel.
 To specify the various physical and mechanical properties of the finished product,
various tests, both destructive and nondestructive, are performed.
 Inspection witnesses the material identification on the certificates against marking. It is
also necessary to check with Structural Steel drawing datasheet, material list and other
specification as appropriate.
Inspection of Structural Steel Quality

 Metallurgical  Wear
 Hardness  Corrosion
 Hardenability  Creep
 Tension  Machinability
 Ductility  Radiography
 Compression  Magnetic Particle
 Fatigue  Ultrasonic
 Impact  Eddy
Inspection Procedures

 Mill test Reports

 Inspection of raw material
 Material cutting inspection
 Fit-up and welding inspection
 Nondestructive testing
 General visual inspection
 Dimensional inspection
 Bolting inspection
 Coating inspection
 Fracture critical members
Material Storage

 It is require that completed members be stored at the fabrication shop or other location
for a period of time before shipment to the jobsite.
 Storing of Structural Steel Store it above ground level by at least 150 mm upon
platforms, skids or any other suitable supports to avoid distortion of sections.
 In coastal areas or in case of long storage, apply protective coating of primer to prevent
scaling and rusting.
 Check that the completed members are stored in a manner that will not cause distortion
or damage.
 Check that lifting devices do not damage the material or the coating.
Loading & Shipping

 When all work is complete, conduct a final visual examination of the work.
 The QCI will provide copies of reports covering the materials to be shipped. Verify
that all data are correct.
 Randomly observe handling and loading of the work to verify that the methods and
supports used will prevent significant damage during shipping.
 Check that damage to coatings during the storage and loading process are properly
repaired as appropriate.
 SAMPLING AND
ACCAPTANCE CRITERIA
OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
Sampling of Structural Steel

 Sampling of any material is the process in which a representative portion of material or product is
tested so as to ensure quality control and regulatory assessment.
 The steel lots are taken for the testing of Structural Steel.
Some terms which are relevant to understand sampling are:-
 Acceptance Number- It is the maximum number of defectives in the sample which can be allowed for
the acceptance of the lot.
 Bar- A rolled rod or bar of steel having circular cross section.
 Item- It is a coil or a bar which is used for inspection.
 Lot - The quantity of material of the same grade and nominal size manufactured from steel fully tested
in respect of physical, chemical and surface characteristics and processed under similar conditions
shall constitute a lot.
Sampling of Structural Steel

 Lot size- It is the number of items which are there in a lot.

 Mean- It is the sum of test results divided by the number of rest results.
 Range(R) - It is the difference between the maximum and minimum values of test results in
the sample.
 Acceptance Quality Level(AQL)-It is the maximum percentage of defective which can be
considered satisfactory.
 The number of items to be selected for visual, dimensional and weight characteristics as
mentioned in the respective Indian standard specification depend upon the size of the lot.
Process Inspection Levels

Sr. Stages Recommended frequency of Inspection and Testing

No.
1. Raw material One coil from every heat/cast received to be tested for chemical, physical and
metallurgical characteristics
2. After patenting Two coils to be tested for every patenting batch/lot.
3. Before final pass in Dimensional check every four hours.
drawing
4. After final pass in Dimensional check and UTS for each coil.
drawing

5. After stress relieving Every fifth coil for dimensions, proof stress, UTS elongation ductility and
indentation. One coil every month for relaxation and susceptibility to stress
corrosion
Pre-stressing Steel

IS : 10790 ( Part 1) - 1984

 If the number of defectives found in the sample is less than or equal to the
corresponding acceptance number in the Table, the lot shall
be considered as conforming to the requirements of visual characteristics.
 The lot which has been found satisfactory with respect to
visual characteristics shall be further inspected for dimensional and weight
characteristics.
 The lot which has been found satisfactory in visual, dimensional and weight
characteristics shall be further tested for physical and chemical characteristics.
Pre-stressing Steel

 IS : 10790 ( Part 1) - 1984

For visual characteristics:
LOT SIZE SAMPLE SIZE ACCECPTANCE NUMBER
Up to 25 8 0
26 to 50 13 1
51 to 100 20 1
101 to 150 32 2
151 to 300 50 3
301 to 500 80 5
501 and above 125 7
For Dimensional and Weight Characteristics

LOT SIZE SAMPLE SIZE ACCECPTANCE NUMBER

Up to 25 5 0
26 to 50 8 0
51 to 100 13 1
101 to 150 20 1
151 to 300 32 2
301 to 500 50 3
501 and above 80 5

 These samples can have AQL OF 2.5 %.

Scale Of Sampling For Physical And
Chemical Test

 Physical characteristics gives tensile strength, proof-stress, ductility, elongation,

relaxation and susceptibility to stress corrosion.

No of items in a Lot Number of items to be selected

Up to 50 2

51 to 150 3

151 to 500 5

501 and above 8

Reinforcing Steel

 IS : 10790 (Part 2 )- 1984

For visual characteristics
LOT SIZE SAMPLE SIZE ACCECPTANCE NUMBER
Up to 25 5 0
26 to 50 8 1
51 to 100 13 1
101 to 150 20 2
151 to 300 32 3
301 to 500 50 5
501 and above 80 7
For dimensional and weight characteristics

LOT SIZE SAMPLE SIZE ACCECPTANCE NUMBER

Up to 25 5 0
26 to 50 8 0
51 to 100 13 1
101 to 150 20 1
151 to 300 32 2
301 to 500 50 3
501 and above 80 5
Scale Of Sampling For Physical And
Chemical Test

No of items in a Lot Number of items to be selected

Up to 50 2

51 to 150 3

151 to 500 5

501 and above 8

Acceptance Criterion

 The lot is tested for physical and chemical properties and if it pass to be satisfactory then it is
accepted.
The procedure adopted for acceptance are :–
 When two items are selected from a lot and tested, the lot shall be considered as conforming to
the requirements of tensile strength, proof stress and elongation if both the samples pass in
each of the tests.
 When the number of items selected from a lot is three or more, the mean (X) and range (R) are
calculated from the test results for each characteristic. The lot shall be considered as
conforming to the specification if the value of (X-0.4R) is greater than or equal to the
corresponding minimum specification limit of the characteristic in the relevant specification.
CODE OF PRACTICE AND
GUIDELINES FOR
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Code of Practice

The general categories of some common types of structural steels manufactured

depending upon the necessity and their applications are as follows:
 Carbon Steel (IS: 2062) Carbon and manganese are the main strengthening elements.
The specified minimum ultimate tensile strength for these steels varies from about 410 to
440 MPa, and their specified minimum yield strength, ranges from about 230-300 MPa.
 High-strength Carbon Steel Such steels have specified ultimate tensile strength, ranging
from about 480-550 MPa, and minimum yield strength of about 350-400 MPa.
 Medium and High-strength Micro-alloy Steel (IS: 8500) Such steels have a specified
ultimate tensile strength between 400 and 590 MPa and minimum yield strength between
300 and 450 MPa.
Code of Practice

 High-strength Quenched and Tempered Steel (IS: 2003) They have a specified ultimate
tensile strength between 700 and 950 MPa and minimum yield strength between 550 and
700 MPa.
 Weathering Steel They have ultimate strength of about 480 MPa and yield strength of
about 350 MPa.
 Stainless Steel These are essentially low-carbon steels to which a minimum of 10.5%
(maximum of 20%) chromium and 0.5% nickel is added.
Code of Practice

ROLLED STEEL BEAM SECTIONS

The rolled steel beams are classified into following four series as per BIS : (IS : 808-1989)
 Indian Standard Joist/junior Beams (ISJB)
 Indian Standard Light Beams (ISLB)
 Indian Standard Medium Weight Beams (ISMB)
 Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams (ISWB)
The rolled steel columns/heavy weight beams are classified into the following two series as per BIS
(IS : 808-1989)
 Indian Standard Column Sections (ISSC)
 Indian Standard Heavy Weight Beams (ISHB)
Code of Practice

ROLLED STEEL CHANNEL SECTIONS

As per IS : 808-1989, following channel sections have adopted as Indian Standard
Channel Sections
 Indian Standard Light Channels with parallel flanges ISLC(P)
 Medium weight channels (MC)
 Medium weight channels with parallel flanges (MCP)
 Indian Standard Gate Channels (ISPG)
Code of Practice

ROLLED STEEL T-SECTIONS

A per IS: 808-1984, following T-sections have adopted as Indian Standard T-sections.
 Indian Standard deep legged Tee bars (ISDT)
 Indian Standard Slit medium weight Tee bars (ISMT)
 Indian Standard Slit Tee bars from I-sections (ISHT)
Code of Practice

ROLLED STEEL ANGLE SECTIONS

As per IS : 808-1984 the rolled steel angle sections are classified in to the following three series.
 Indian Standard Equal Angles (ISA)
 Indian Standard Unequal Angles (ISA)
 Indian Standard Bulb Angles (ISBA)
The specifications for other categories of Structural Steel are provide as per IS : 808-1984
ROLLED STEEL BARS
ROLLED STEEL TUBES
ROLLED STEEL FLATS
ROLLED STEEL SHEETS AND STRIPS
ROLLED STEEL PLATES
Code of Practice & Guidelines

 IS: 800 : 2007 Code for practice for general construction in steel.
 IS: 802 Part 1: (1995) Code of Practice for Use of Structural Steel In Overhead
Transmission Line Towers, Loads and Permissible Stresses
 IS: 802 Part 2 : (1978) Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in Overhead
Transmission Towers-Fabrication, Galvanizing, Inspection and Packing
 IS: 808 : 1989 Dimensions for Hot Rolled Steel Beam, Column, Channel and Angle Sections
 IS:1852 : 1985 Rolling and Cutting Tolerances for Hot Rolled Steel Products
 IS:2062 : 1999 Steel For General Structural Purposes- Specification
 IS:3502 : 1994 Specification For Steel Chequered Plates
Code of Practice & Guidelines

 IS: 8500 : 1991 Specification for micro-alloyed structural steel.

 IS: 8500 : 1991 Weldable structural steel (Medium and High Strength qualities)
 IS: 9077 : 1979 Indian Standard code of practice for corrosion protection of steel.
 IS: 7205 : 1974 Safety Code for Erection of Structural Steel Work
 IS: 7205 : 1974 Safety code for erection of structural steelwork.
 IS: 12040 : 1987 Guidelines for development of vendor rating systems.
 Thank You
“THE STRONGEST STEEL IS FORGED BY THE FIRES OF HELL. THE FIRE GIVES IT
POWER AND FLEXIBILITY, AND THE BLOWS GIVE IT STRENGTH, FOR THE SAME
QUALITIES AS OF STEEL ONE NEED TO DO THE SAME.”