DIRECTING

 Directing is one of the most important function of

management. While managing an enterprise, managers
have to get things done through people.
 In order to be able to do so, they have to undertake many
activities, like guide the people who work under them,
inspire and lead them to achieve common objectives.
Direction helps the managers ensuring quality
performance of jobs by the employees and achievement
of organizational goals.
FEATURES OF DIRECTION
 Direction is an important managerial function. Through
direction, management initiates actions in an
organization.
 Direction is performed at every level of management. It
is performed in the context of superior-subordinate
relationship and every manager in the organization
performs his duties both as superior and as subordinate.
 Direction is a continuous process. Every manager needs
to direct his subordinates on a continual basis.
 Direction initiates action: It guides and helps the
subordinates to complete the given task properly and as
per schedule.
 Direction attempts to get maximum out of the individual:
It provides the necessary motivation to subordinates to
complete the work satisfactorily and strive to do their
best.
 Direction attempts to get maximum out of the
individual: It provides the necessary motivation to
subordinates to complete the work satisfactorily and
strive to do their best.
IMPORTANCE OF DIRECTION
 Direct initiate action
 Direct integrates employees effort

 Direction attempt to get max out of the individual .

 Direction facilitates changes in the organization

 Direction provides stability and balance in the

organization .
ELEMENTS OR TECHNIQUES OF
DIRECTION
Communication , supervision , motivation and
leadership are the four essential elements of directing .
MOTIVATION
 Motivation is the complex force starting and keeping a
person at work in an organization .
 Motivation is something that moves the person to
action , and cont to keep him in the course of action
already initiated .
ROLE AND FUNCTION OF MOTIVATION
IN DIRECTING
 Recognize each worker as unique individual who is
motivated by different things .
 Indentify the the individual and collecting values system
of a unit and implement a reward system that is
consistent with those values .
 Encourage worker to stretch themselves in an effort to
promote self growth and self actualization .
 Encourage monitoring and coaching with subordinates .
LEADERSHIP
 Leadership is the process of influencing and supporting
others to work enthusiastically towards achieving
objectives .
ROLES AND FUNCTION OF LEADERSHIP
IN DIRECTING
 To lay down goals and policies to persuade the
subordinates to work with zeal and confidence .
 To shape the organization on scientific lines with the
view to make its various components operate sensitively
and reliability .
 The leader should consult the group in framing the
policies and lines of action and in initiating any radical
changes in them.
 He should keep the employees well informed of their
duties and obligation and adopt motivational exercise to
stimulate them .
COMMUNICATION
 Communication is defined as the process by which
people seek to share meaning via the transmission of
symbolic message .
ROLES AND FUNCTION OF
COMMUNICATION IN DIRECTING
 Informal function
 Command and instructive function

 Influence and persuasive function

 Integrative function
SUPERVISION
 Supervision is defined as the authoritative direction of
the work of ones subordinates .
ROLES AND FUNCTION OF SUPERVISION
IN DIRECTING
 Orientation of newly posted staff
 Assessment of the workload of individual and groups

 Arranging of flow of material

 Co ordination of efforts

 Promotion of effectiveness of workers

 Promotion of social contact with in the work team

 Helping the individual to cope with their personal

problem
 Facilitating the flow of communication .

 Raising the level of motivation .

CONTROLLING IN
MANAGEMENT
 Controlling is determining what is being accomplished
that is evaluating the performance and if necessary
applying corrected according to measures so that
performance takes place according to plan.
IMPORTANCE OF CONTROL
 Insurance of value of control
 Control is the basis of future action

 Control facilitates coordination

 Control method can be used to standardize quality of

performance in the organization .
 control is used to evaluate the performance of
employees in an organization through internal audit ,
bugetting etc.
FEAUTURES OF CONTROL
 Control is an ongoing activity and its exercised by all
managements.
 Unity is an integral part of control .

 There should be flexibility in management system .

 Control is a cont process .

 Control is a coordinated and integrated system.

 Pervasiveness.

 Control process must be work focused .

 REQUIRMENT FOR EFFECTIVE
CONTROLLING
 Control system should reflect the organizational needs .
 Accuracy

 Flexibility in control

 Acceptance

 Control must be foreword looking and motivating .

 Integration

 Economic feasibility

 Strategic control points

STEPS IN THE CONTROL PROCESS
 Establishment of control standards
 Measurements of performance

 Evaluating performance

 Take corrective action

CONTROL AREAS
The following are some of the areas where control can be
established –
 Control over policies

 Control over organization

 Control over employees

 Control over cost

 Control over method and manpower

 Control over research and development

GANTT CHART , PERT AND CPM
 For planning and scheduling of programs or project there
are mainly 3 major methods .They are Gantt chart ,
PERT and Critical pathway method.
GANTT CHART
 Gantt chart was initiated by Henry L. Gantt to measure
tasks in a project.
 It is one of the most popular methods of showing
activities (tasks and events) displayed against time.
 Gantt chart is most commonly used for tracking project
schedules.
 It helps to visualize and plan project tasks and helps in
monitoring project progress. Gantt chart is graphical
illustration of a schedule that helps to plan and coordinate
specific task in a project.
 Gantt chart shows various activities, the beginning and
ending of each activity, the period schedule for each
activity and whether activities overlap or not.
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION OF GANTT
CHARTS
 The first step in preparing a Gantt Chart is to identify the
task involved in completing a project. In the next step,
calculate the expected time required for each task.
 Organize the sequence of each of the activities identified.

 Draw a horizontal time axis, along the top or bottom of

the page. Mark it in an appropriate scale for the length of
tasks (days/weeks).
 On the left side of the page, write each task and
milestones of the project in order.
 For the activities that occur over a period of time, draw
a bar that represents appropriate items on the timeline.
Align the left end of the bar with the time when the
activity begins and align the right end with time when
the activity concludes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GANTT CHART
 The bar in each row indicates the corresponding tasks
(Fig. 5)
 The horizontal position of the bar start and end times of
the task.
 The bar length represents the duration of the task.

 Task duration of one can be compared easily with

another.
 Precedence relationships can be represented using
arrows.
ADVANTAGES
 Simple to create
 Used for planning and scheduling projects

 Provides easy graphical representation of progression of

activities.
 It allows both planning, monitoring and control.

 Gantt chart represents a clear order of work.

LIMITATION
 Gantt chart clearly indicate details regarding the process
of activities .
 Gantt chart doesn’t Indicate relationship between
separate activities .
 It doesn’t explain the reason behind the duration of each
activity.
 It doesn’t explain the course of project or the resources
being utilized in the project.
PERT
 The Program Evaluation and Review Technique is a
traditional project management tools that is used to
schedule, organize and coordinate tasks within a project.
 According to Harold Kerzner, Program Evaluation and
Review Technique is basically a management planning
and control tool. It can be considered as a road map for
particular program or project in which all major events
have been completely identified together with their
corresponding interactions.
STEPS OF PERT
PERT Involves the following Steps –
 Identify the specific activities and milestones: The first
step in formulation of PERT is to identify the activities
or tasks that are required to complete the project. The
milestones are the events marking the beginning and the
end of one or more activities.
 Determine the sequence of activities: In this step, the
manager has to organize the activities in a sequence so
that it become easy to chart PERT network.
 Create a network diagram: Using these sequences of
activities, a network diagram can be drawn in which they
can be represented by using arrow lines and the sequence
by circles.
 Estimate the time required: The weeks or months are
commonly used to estimate the time required for each
activity. For each activity, the model usually includes the
three time estimates, the optimistic time, realistic time
and the pessimistic time. Estimate the time using the
calculations mentioned below. Shift the green
highlighted text here
 Determine the critical path: The critical path is
determined by adding the times of each activities in each
sequence and determining the longest path in the project.
If activities outside the critical path speed up or slows
down, the total project time does not change. The
amount of time that a non-critical pathway activity can
be delayed without the project is referred to as slack
time.
 Update PERT chart as the project progresses. In
Program Evaluation and Review Technique, the time
required for activity is based on the assumption that
activity's duration follows a probability distribution
instead of being a single value and three time estimates
are required to compute the parameter of activity.