BLOOD FLOW METER

Group-1

Name –

1. Aditya Pandey (21SCSE1420024)

2. Abhishek Srivastava (21SCSE1420037)
3. Aayush Gandhi (21SCSE1420040)
4. Pankaj Singh (21SCSE1010268)
5. Siddharth Dixit (21SCSE1010265)

Submitted to – Dr. Divya Tripathy

Corse Code - BBS01T1008

BLOOD FLOW METER
INTRODUCTION

 Blood flow is the one of the important physiological

parameter and the most difficult to measure accurately.

 The average velocities of blood flow vary over a wide

range depending on diameter of blood vessel.

 There are many techniques for measuring the blood flow

and velocity.
 They are categorized into
1.invasive(surgical).
2.non invasive(through the skin).
Need for blood flowmeter

 Inspection for block in blood flow.

 Testing artificial blood vessels during
organ transplantation.
 During Fistula creation in dialysis.
Typical values of blood flow
Type of blood Total cross- Blood velocity in
vessels section area cm/s

Aorta 3–5 cm2 40 cm/s

Capillaries 4500–6000 cm2 0.03 cm/s

Vena cava 14 cm2 15 cm/s

inferior and
superior
Introduction

 Most widely used blood flow meters are:

 Electromagnetic blood flow meter

 Ultrasonic blood flow meters
 NMR blood flow meter
 Laser Doppler blood flow meter
ELECTROMAGNETIC BLOOD
FLOWMETER
ELECTROMAGNETIC BLOOD
FLOWMETER

 Measures instantaneous pulsatile flow of blood

 Works based on the principle of electromagnetic

induction

• The voltage induced in a conductor moving in a

magnetic field is proportional to the velocity
of the conductor

 The conductive blood is the moving conductor

Principle of EM blood flow meter.
ELECTROMAGNETIC BLOOD
FLOWMETER

 A permanent magnet or electromagnet positioned around the

blood vessel generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the
direction of the flow of the blood.

 Voltage induced in the moving blood column is measured with

stationary electrodes located on opposite sides of the blood
vessel and perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.

 This method requires that the blood vessel be exposed so that

the flow head or the measuring probe can be put across it.
• The Induced emf

• Where
• B = magnetic flux density, T
• L = length between electrodes, m
• u = instantaneous velocity of blood, m/s
 Fig: Typical flow transducer

• The electromagnetic flow-transducer is a tube of non-

magnetic material to ensure that the magnetic flux does
not bypass the flowing liquid and go into the walls of the
tube.
Types of EM Flowmeters

 basically, all modern flowmeters consist of a

generator of AC, a probe assembly , a series of
capacitance coupled amplifiers, a demodulator,
a DC amplifier and a suitable recording device.
 Basing shape of the energizing current
waveform for the electromagnet 2 types of EM
Flowmeters are :

A. Sine wave flometer.

B. Square wave flowmeter.
Sine wave Flowmeters

 Probe magnet is energized with a sine

wave and the induced voltage will also be
sinusoidal.
 Since the flow of blood acts as a
secondary terminal of a transformer w.r.t
probe magnet, an additional artifact
voltage induced is called transformer
voltage.
 This voltage is 900 out of phase with the
original signal corresponding to flow of
blood .

Square wave flowmeter

 Probe magnet is energized with a square wave

and induced voltage is also square wave.
 It is easier to control magnitude and wave
shape of energizing current.
 Separation of transformer voltage is easy .

 For the measurement action square wave is

amplitude modulated by variation in blood
flow.
Block diagram of square wave
flowmeter
Block diagram

 Transducer
 consist of an electromagnet, a pair of electrodes.
 Electrodes may be in contact with either flowing blood or
outer surface of the blood vessel
 Preamplifier
 The induced voltage pick up by the electrodes, is given to a
low noise differential amplifier through a capacitive
coupling
 Must have a very high CMRR and input impedance
Block diagram

 Gating circuit
 It helps to remove spurious voltages generated
during magnet current reversal
 The gating action is controlled by the circuit which
provides an excitation current to the electromagnet
 Band pass filter
 It is an active RC band pass amplifier , which
selectively pass through it the amplified square
wave signal
 Peak response is kept for 400Hz
Block diagram

 Detector
 A phase sensitive detector is used to recover the signal
 It also helps in the rejection of interfering voltages at
frequencies below the carrier frequency
 Low pass filter and output stage
 Demodulated signal is given to an RC LPF , which
provides a uniform frequency response and a linear
phase shift
 Followed by an integrator provide output
corresponding to the mean flow
Block diagram

 Magnet current drive

 The square wave input to the power
amplifier stage which supplies current to
the electromagnet is fed from a free
running multivibrator

 Zero flow reference line

 it establish the signal corresponding to
zero-flow before measurement.
Ultrasonic blood flowmeter
Ultrasonic blood flowmeter

 An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter

that measures the velocity of a fluid with
ultrasound to calculate volume flow.
 Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can
measure the average velocity along the path of
an emitted beam of ultrasound.
 By averaging the difference in measured transit
time between the pulses of ultrasound
propagating into and against the direction of the
flow or by measuring the frequency shift from
the Doppler effect.
Fig : ultra sonic flow meter
(a)Doppler-shift flow-
velocity meters
 It is an non invasive method.
 It is based on the analysis of echo signals from
erythrocytes(RBCs) in blood.
 The incident ultrasound is scattered by the
blood cells and scattered wave is received by
the second receiver.
 The frequency shift of the scattered wave
gives idea about velocity of scatterers.
 The Doppler frequency shift is a measure of
size and direction of the flow velocity.
Doppler-shift flow-velocity
meters
Rx
Rx Tx
Tx

RR FF 55 MHz
MHz
detector
detector amplifier exciter
exciter
amplifier
Blood
vessel

Audio
Audio Zero
Zero
LPF
LPF amplifie
amplifie crossing
crossing LPF
LPF output
rr detector
detector

Fig : block diagram

(b)Range gated pulsed
Doppler flow meter
 Baker(1970) stated that recording blood
flow using Doppler shift are sometimes
misleading and inaccurate.
 These difficulties can be overcome , if the
ultrasonic source is pulsed.
 If the returning signal is range gated ,then
the diameter and velocity of blood stream
can measure together.
Tx
element Rx element

Receiver Phase
LPF Sample and amplifier
limiter detector

Sample
Power amp Pulse amp pulse LPF
gen.

Audible
Master Doppler
Oscillator Freq output
(4.5-5.5 MHz) division

Fig : block diagram of pulsed doppler flow meter.

(c) Flow measurement by
Doppler Imaging
 Doppler ultrasound is not only used for measurement
of the absolute value of blood velocity and volume,
but it also helps to visualize blood flow.
 The probe this imaging equipment is mechanically
coupled to position resolver, which gives electrical
output.
 Imaging is done by moving the probe through the skin,
and developing a 3D image using a computer.
 Thus, it is possible to construct anterior-posterior ,
lateral and cross-sectional scans of blood vessel.
Flow measurement by
Doppler Imaging

Figs : Flow measurement by Doppler Imaging

Flow measurement by
Doppler Imaging
 Using this recording of mean blood flow,
peak flow, reverse peak flow etc. of
cardiac cycle are possible.
 This method is also helpful for taking
measurements from brain , which is
difficult to access.
NMR Blood Flowmeter
NMR Blood Flowmeter

 Non invasive method by Nuclear magnetic resonance

principle.
 For flow measurement , behaviour of the 2 Hydrogen
atoms of water is studied.(Since blood is
approximately 83% water).
 Due to magnetic moment of the H atom , the
nucleus behaves as a micro miniature magnet which
can affected by externally applied magnetic field.
 the hydrogen nuclei orient themselves to produce a
net parallel alignment to a steady magnetic field.
NMR Blood Flowmeter

 Orientation of H atoms will be change according to the

status of blood flow.
 This orientation will results in the magnetization of H
atoms.
 Therefore, magnitude of magnetization can be related to
either velocity of blood or flow rate.
 A crossed coil configuration is used to detect the level
of magnetization in body.
 The voltage induced in coil(NMR signal) is proportional to
velocity and area of vessel carrying blood.
 NMR flow meters are limited in their application to the
measurement in limbs.
Laser Doppler blood
flowmeter
Fig : schematic diagram of laser doppler blood flow
meter
Thank You