Deep foundations are those in which the depth of the

foundation is more in comparison to its width. Deep

foundations are of following types
•Pile foundations
•Pier foundations
•Caisson or well foundations
Pile Foundations
• A slender, structural member consisting steel or concrete
or timber.

• It is installed in the ground to transfer the structural loads

to soils at some significant depth below the base of the
structure.
PILES FOUNDATION IS USED
WHEN:
• The load of the super structure is heavy an the load is uneven

• The top soil has poor bearing capacity

• The subsoil water level Is high so that pumping of the water

from the open trenches for the shallow foundations is difficult and
uneconomical.

• There is large fluctuations in subsoil water level

• If deep strip foundation is attempted, timbering of

sides is difficult to maintain or retain the soil of sides of the trench

• The structure is situated on a sea shore or river.

Pile
Applications
Some Examples

Multistoried Building Resting on Piles

Some Examples

Piles Used to Resist Uplift

Forces
Some Examples

Piles used to Resist lateral

Loads
 Root Pile or Angle Piling

This is a much simpler alternative to traditional underpinning techniques, applying

modern concrete drilling equipment to achieve cost benefits through time saving. The
process is also considerably less disruptive, as large volumes of excavation are
avoided. Where sound bearing strata can be located within a few metres of the
surface, wall stability is achieved through lined reinforced concrete piles installed in
pairs, at opposing angles. The existing floor, wall and foundation are predrilled with
air flushed percussion auger, giving access for a steel lining to be driven through the
low grade/clay subsoil until it impacts with firm strata. The lining is cut to terminate at
the underside of the foundation and the void steel reinforced prior to concreting.
In many situations it is impractical to apply angle piling to both sides of a wall.
Subject to subsoil conditions being adequate, it may be acceptable to apply
remedial treatment from one side only. The piles will need to be relatively close
spaced.
SELECTION OF
PILES
 Length of pile in relation to the load and type of soil
 Character of structure
 Availability of materials
 Type of loading
 Factors causing deterioration
 Ease of maintenance
 Estimated costs of types of piles, taking into account the
initial cost, life expectancy and
 Cost of maintenance
 Availability of funds
Classification of Piles based on function
•End bearing pile
•Friction pile
•Compaction pile
•Tension pile or uplift pile
•Anchor pile
•Fender pile and dolphins
•Batter pile
•Sheet pile
• End Bearing piles
End bearing pile rests on a relative firm soil . The load
of the structure is transmitted through the pile into this firm soil or rock
because the base of the pile bears the load of the structure, this type of pile
is called end bearing pile

PILES SOFT SOIL

ROCK
• Friction Piles
Pile transmit the load from the structure to the penetrable soil by means of
skin friction or cohesion between the soil & the embedded surface of the
pile
If the firm soil is at a considerable depth, it may be very expensive
to use end bearing piles. In such situations, the piles are driven
through the penetrable soil for some distance. The piles transmit the
load of structure to the penetrable soil by means of skin friction
between the soil.

PILES SOFT SOIL

TYPES OF PILES Based on Material
a) Concrete Piles
i) Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles
ii) Precast Concrete Piles
iii)Drilled Shafts
b) Steel Piles
I) H-Piles ii) iii) Tapered
Cylindrical
c) Timber Piles
d) Composite Piles
CAST IN SITU CONCRETE
PILES
Formed by driving a cylindrical steel shell into the ground to the
desired depth and cavity of shell is filled with fluid concrete.
FRANKI COMPRESSED
PILE
VIBRO EXPANDED
PILE
• Vibro piles are formed in the ground. A steel casing fitted with a base plate
is driven to the required depth.
• This construction ensures that the pile has a relatively large load- bearing
capacity. Once the casing has been driven to depth, a reinforcement cage is
inserted and the casing is filled with concrete.
The casing is then vibrated or driven out of the ground, while the base plate
• remains behind. The steel casing is then used to form the next pile.
Vibro piles are used in small and large construction works. They are also
highly usable in applications where the piles are exposed to great compression
• and tension forces.
Vibro piles, together with prefabricated concrete piles, offer the most
economical solution when noise and vibration are not an impediment.
• In large quantities, vibro piles are often more economical than
prefabricated concrete piles.

•
PRECAST
CONCRETE
PILES

i. Usually have square/circular/octagonal cross sections.

ii. Fabricated in a construction yard from reinforced or pre-

stressed concrete.

iii Disadvantages of this pile are problems in transporting long

.
piles, cutting and lengthening.

iv. It has higher capacity than timber piles.

Concrete Piles

Advantages:
•High Load capacity

•Relatively inexpensive

•Usually durable and corrosion resistant in many environments(not

marine)

Disadvantages
•Handling, splicing & transportation difficulties(for precast)

•Soil caving in cast in situ piles

 STEEL
PILES
i. It comes in various shapes & sizes
ii. Steel H-Piles are rolled steel sections
iii. Steel pipe piles are seamless pipes that can be welded to yield
lengths up to 70m.
iv. They are usually driven with open ends into the soil.
v. A conical tip is used where the piles have to penetrate boulders & rocks.
vi. However it needs to be treated before embedded in corrosive environment.
Steel Piles
Advantages:
•High axial working capacity
•Wide variety of sizes
•Easy on-site displacement, good penetration through hard
materials

Disadvantages
•High cost
•Difficulty in delivery
•Relatively higher corrosion
•Noisy driving
TIMBER
PILES
i. Have been used since ancient times

ii. Length of timber piles depends on types of trees used to

harvest the piles,

iii Common length are 12m

.
iv. It is susceptible to termites, marine organisms and rot
within zones exposed to seasonal changes.

v. Even though it’s cheaper but it has low capacity

and can’t take hard driving.
The ability to install driven piles on an
angle, or batter, gives them a distinct
advantage with respect to their ability to
carry lateral loads.