Cultural Characteristics &

Metaphors

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 1

Recap…

1. Culture is learned

2. Culture is an interrelated complex whole

3. Culture is a collective concept

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 2

Cultural Models

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 3

Artefacts, products and symbols

Norms and values

Basic assumptions

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 4

Culture as a Tree

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 5

Cultural lenses

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 6

Culture & Society

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 7

References
Gudykunst, W.B. & Ting-Toomey, S. 1988. Culture and Interpersonal
Communication. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE

Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.

New York: McGraw-Hill.

Scarborough, J. 1998. The Origins of Cultural Differences and Their

Impacts on Management. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

Schwartz, S.H. 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values:

Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna, Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). New York:
Academic Press.

Trompenaars, F. 1994. Riding the Waves of Culture – Understanding

Diversity in Global Business. Chicago: Irwin.

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 8

Intercultural Competence: LBVPTOP2 9