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 LOAD ACTION ON TALL BUILDINGS
• Dead Loads
• Live Loads
• Wind Loads
• Seismic Loading
• Construction Loads
• Loads Due to Restrained Volume Changes of Materials
• Rain, Snow & Ice Loads
• Water and Earth Pressure Loads
• Impact and Dynamic Loads
• Blast Loads
• Combination of Loads
 a. Dead Load
• Static forces caused by the weight of
every element within the structure.
• The forces resulting in dead load
consists of the weights of the load
bearing elements of the building,
floor and ceiling finishes, permanent
partition walls, façade cladding,
storage tanks, mechanical
distribution systems etc.
 b. Live Load
• ‘Occupancy Loads’ : Loads caused
by the contents of objects within
or on a building. Not part of the
structure
• Include weights of people,
furniture, movable partitions,
mechanical equipments (e.g
computers, business machines)
etc.
• Variable and unpredictable.
Change in live loads not only over
time but also as a function of
location.
 c. Wind Loads
• Lateral action caused by winds.
• Wind velocity in general increases
with height. The taller the building is,
the more exposed the building to
strong winds.
• Can cause the parts of the external
wall or roof to be blown off.
• If the building is slender, it will sway
or vibrate in the wind.
• Major problem for the designer of
tall buildings.
 d. Seismic Loading
• The earth’s crust is not
static; its subject to
constant motion.
• Seismic motion acts on the
building by shaking the
foundation back and forth.
• The mass of the building
resists this motion, setting
up inertia forces
throughout the structure
 e. Construction Loads
• Loads during construction of a
building – example contractors
commonly stockpile heavy
equipment and materials on a
small area of the structure.
• Causes concentrated loads that
are much larger than the
assumed live loads which the
structure was designed.