STATISTIK LINGKUNGAN

FTSP – UPN “VETERAN”

JATIM

FIRRA R., ST., MT

 What Is Statistics?
1. Collecting Data
◦ Survey (manual or automatic),
◦ Simulation, etc.

2. Presenting Data
◦ Charts & Tables,
◦ Plot, etc.

3. Characterizing Data
◦ Descriptive methods (Average, quartile, percentile, decile, etc)
◦ Clustering, etc.
4. Data Analysis
◦ Create hypothesis and chose the right method for inference
 Statistical Methods

Statistical
Methods

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
 Why Collect Data?
1.Obtain Input to a Research Study
2.Measure Performance
3.Assist in Formulating Decision Alternatives
4.Satisfy Curiosity
◦ Knowledge for the Sake of Knowledge

Informasi didahului
dengan adanya
PENGUKURAN
 Fact/data/practice

Design
Problem experiment
formulation
Testing

Conjecture/hypothesis/theory/model
Network Of
Distribution
 Data Sources

Data
Sources

Primary Secondary

Experiment Survey Observation Published

(& On-Line)
 Data Types

Data

Numerical Categorical
(Quantitative) (Qualitative)

Discrete Continuous
 Data Type Examples

1. Numerical
◦ Discrete
 How Many Massages has come to the server in the last five minutes? ___
(Number)
◦ Continuous
 How Tall Are You? ___ (Inches)
 How long the mean time between massages comes to the server?
___(minutes)

2. Categorical
◦ Do You Own Savings Bonds? __ Yes __ No
◦ Do you agree if our internet connection bandwidth will be extended
with additional contribution monthly from user?
___certainly agree __agree __win-win __don’t agree __ certainly disagree
 How Are Data Measured?
1. Nominal Scale 3. Interval Scale
◦ Categories
 e.g., Male-Female ◦ Equal Intervals
◦ Count ◦ No True 0
◦ Big number doesn’t represent  e.g., Degrees Celsius
Big difference (Coding only) ◦ Measurement

2. Ordinal Scale 4. Ratio Scale

◦ Categories ◦ Equal Intervals
◦ Ordering Implied ◦ True 0
 e.g., High-Low ◦ Meaningful Ratios
◦ Count  e.g., Height in Inches
 Big number doesn’t represent
Big difference (Ordered coding
only)
 Data type  Method of Analysis
Based on data scale
◦ Qualitative  Qualitative data analysis
◦ Quantitative  Quantitative methods
Based on the change possibility of input/output
◦ Probabilistic  Statistics
◦ Deterministic  Mathematics
Based on counted per unit time or not
◦ Discrete  Qualitative data analysis
◦ Continue  Quantitative methods
Based on periodicity of data:
◦ Cross Section
◦ Serial (Domain: Time, space, frequency, time-space)
 Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison

Which data would have simpler method of

analysis?
 Quantitative or qualitative
Can qualitative data to be transformed into
quantitative?
What methods have to be used to analyze
◦ Quantitative data?
◦ Qualitative data?
What happen if quantitative methods are used
to analyze qualitative data?
 Probabilistic vs deterministic

probabilistic deterministic

Real life problem (environmental problem,

economic modeling, etc.) involves number
of variables which are probabilistic, multi-
dimension, and complex.
Data and Decision
The use of Data in Decision Making

Valid
Reliable
Consisten
 Valid vs Reliable vs Consistent

reliable
consisten
not valid
GIGO
(Garbage In – Garbage Out)

Input Output
Proses

GI GI
 GI-FM-GO
(Good In – False Method – Garbage Out)

Input Output
Proses

GI GI
 Correlation
Mathematical ex-
pression of the
nature of a relation-
ship between 2
variables
Expressed in terms
of a coefficient
Relationship may
be strong or weak,
direct or inverse
Common Statistical
Procedures
Relationship between
Correlation
2 variables
Relationship among Factorial analysis
more than 2 variables Clustering
Prediction Regression
Description of pheno- Descriptive statistics
mena or variables (frequency, mean, etc.)
Statistical control Standardization

Forecasting Time Series

DOE
Optimization
Response Suface
 Error

Target

Minimizing error Target=Capaian

Capaian
Error
Penyimpangan nilai pengamatan dengan dugaan
Penyimpangan nilai pengamatan dengan model
Penyimpangan hasil proses terhadap nilai target
Tergantung pada persiapan, pemilihan metode,
pelaksanaan, dan pelaku pengukuran dalam
mendapatkan data
 Sources of Error

 Human error
 Machine error
 Measurement error
 Experimental design error
 Sampling error
 Many, many others of errors …
 Errors Due to Sampling

Coverage (Frame) Error

Sampling Error

Nonresponse &
Measurement Error

Sample Frame
Total Population Planned Sample Actual
(Students in
(Students) (Selected Students) Sample
Phone Book)
 Types of Error
 Precision Error (reading – average)
◦ “Random error”
◦ Leads to poor precision
◦ Example: resolution error
 Bias error (average – true)
◦ “Systematic error”
◦ Leads to poor accuracy
◦ Examples: zero offset error, non-linearity
error
 Definitions
 Stability
◦ Total Variation over Time

 Repeatability Time 2

◦ Variation in the Measurement Instrument Time 1

Stability

 Accuracy (Bias)
Repeatability ◦ Difference Between the Average of the Observed and
the “True” Value
Bias
 Reproducibility
◦ Variation Under Different Conditions True Value

Condition A Average

 Linearity
Condition B
◦ Difference in Bias in the Operating Range
Condition C

Reproducibility
Precision vs. Accuracy

Good Precision
Good Accuracy
 Precision vs. Accuracy

Bias Error ? Good Precision

Poor Accuracy
 Precision vs. Accuracy

Resolution Error Poor Precision

? Good Accuracy
Precision vs. Accuracy

Poor Precision
Poor Accuracy
 Accuracy vs Precision  Precision (RR)
RR Average ◦ Describes Variation and Spread

Bias
◦ The Extent to Which the Instrument
Repeats its results when Making
True Value
Repeat Measurements on the Same Unit
of Output

Precise, but not Accurate  Accuracy (Bias)

◦ Describes Average and Location
 Closeness to the True Value
◦ The Extent to Which the Average of a
RR Average
Bias
Long Series of Repeat Measurements
True Value Made by the Instrument on a Single
Unit of Output Differs from the True
Value
◦ Systematic Error: Contribution to
Accurate, but not Precise the Total Error Comprised of all
Sources of Variation that Tends to
Offset Consistently the Results
Bias  Precision and Accuracy are Independent
of Each Other
RR Average
True Value
◦ Generally, Separate Actions are
Required for Improvement

Accurate, and Precise