FITNESS TEST

•Wingate test.
•Arm crank test.
•Balke step test.
•Quick strike punching test.

By Sonali Tushamer
MPT - Musculoskeletal
 Energy Systems
Anaerobic Energy Sys. Aerobic Energy Sys.

Immediate Short Term Long Term Energy System

Energy System Anaerobic Energy (Aerobic)
(ATP – PCr) System (Glycolysis)
Starts 0 Starts 0 sec. Starts 0 sec.
Peak 10 sec. Peak 1 min Peak >5 min.
Lasts 30 sec. Lasts 3 min. Last up to several min./hrs
 Wingate test (Anaerobic Test)
• The Wingate test is derived from
Cumming's test
• It involves 30 seconds of all-out
exercise on either an arm-crank or
leg-cycle ergometer.
Purpose :
• This test was intended to provide
information about the phosphagen
component (‘‘Anaerobic Power’’)
and the lactate component
(‘‘Anaerobic Capacity’’)
Equipment :
• MONARK Cycle Ergo meter
• Stop watch
Procedure :
• Initial task is to accelerate pedalling frequency on a cycle ergo meter without any
load.
• At the maximal pedal revolution, the test leader will quickly load the fly wheel with
7.5% of the subject body weight(Kg). Thereafter the highest possible pedalling
frequency is performed throughout the 30 seconds.
• Once the test is completed, the subject must remain on the cycle and pedal light
resistance for 5 minutes.
• Watch the subject for the next minutes as subject ‘s often feel nausea or dizziness for
a short period after the test due to the maximal exertion.

Parameters
1. Peak power output (PP): Force x Distance / Time
2. Relative Peak Power Output (RPP) : PP / Body mass(kg)
3. Anaerobic Fatigue (AF) : Highest PP- Lowest PP /Highest PP x 100
4. Anaerobic Capacity (AC) : Force x Total Distance (in 30 s)

Used for :
• Athletes testing, participants in field sports and runners who are contesting distances
of 50–100 m do not engage in all-out effort for as long as 30–45 seconds
 Variations of Wingate Test
By Varying the Duration of Test: includes
• 15-sec test :
• 30 sec to 120 sec.
By Varying the resistance :
• the Wingate test it seems better to use a braking force
equal to around 0.095kg/kg bodyweight for adult
men(Evans & Quinney 1981)
• The value of 0.086 kg/kg bodyweight proposed by the
Wingate Institute seems to be optimal for women
(Dotan & Bar-Or 1983; Vandewalle et aL 1985).
 References
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology, F O U R T H E D I T I O N
• Standard Anaerobic Exercise Tests, Henry Vandewalle, Gilbert Peres
and Hugues Monod
• TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY, CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY, AND
MINIMAL DETECTABLE CHANGE OF SCORE ON AN ABBREVIATED
WINGATE TEST FOR FIELD SPORT PARTICIPANTS YOUNES
HACHANA,1,2 AHMED ATTIA,1,2 SABRI NASSIB,2 ROY J.
SHEPHARD,3 AND MOHAMED SOUHAIEL CHELLY
 Aerobic Tests
• V.O2max represents a fundamental
measure in exercise physiology and serves
as a standard to compare performance
estimates of aerobic capacity and
endurance fitness
• The V.O2max (also called aerobic power)
represents the greatest amount of oxygen
a person can use to produce ATP
aerobically on a per minute basis.
• This usually occurs during intense,
endurance-type exercise
• Tests for V.O2max use exercise tasks that
activate large muscle groups with sufficient
intensity and duration to engage maximal
aerobic energy transfer.
 Arm crank test (Aerobic test)
Purpose:
• To measure aerobic capacity
and cardiovascular
endurance in patient who
suffer lower extremity injury.
Equipment:
• Arm crank ergometer.
• metronome
• Stop watch.
Procedure:
• The arm crank ergometer was adjusted to ensure alignment
between the ergometer's crankshaft and the centre of the
participant's glenohumeral joint.
• Participants' sitting position was set up to ensure that the
elbows were slightly bent when the arm was outstretched.
• Participants were instructed to maintain their feet flat on the
floor at all times.
• Due to different power capabilities two different protocols
were identified for men and women. Men commenced at a
workload of 30W and women at 20W.
• In both protocols the crank rate was maintained at 70 rev min-
1 (Smith etal., 2001; 2007).
• Power requirements increased as a linear ramp at a rate of
10W min-1 and 6W min-1 for men and women, respectively .
• The test commenced with 3 minutes rest and then 3 minutes
of warm-up (unloaded cranking).
• Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) ≥ 18 and/or inability to
maintain a crank rate above 60 rev min-1 resulted in the
termination of the test.
• After exercise termination an unloaded bout of 2 -3 minutes
exercise at a crank rate below 50 rev min-1 allowed for an
active recovery period.
Measurements during exercise tests :
• HR and blood pressure was continuously monitored
• RPE was recorded during the last 10s of every minute
during the exercise test until volitional exhaustion using
Borg's scale 6-20 point.
• Peak power output and test duration was measured. V̇
O2peak defined as the average oxygen uptake recorded
from expired air during the final 30s of exercise.
Used for:
• Boxing, swimming and other sport that require good
upper body strength and power
 References
• Validation of an Arm Crank Ergometer Test for Use in
Sedentary Adults. Alexandros Mitropoulos,1,* 
Anil Gumber,2,* Helen Crank,1,* and Markos Klonizakis1
• Simulated swimming: a useful tool for evaluation the
V02 max of swimmers in the laboratory. Y. Kimura Ed
D, R.A. Yeater, PhD and R.B. Martin PhD
• Arm Crank versus Wheelchair Treadtnill Ergotnetry to
Evaluate the Perfortnance of Paraplegics T. J.
McConnell, PhD,! M. A. Horvat, EdD,2 T. A. Beutel-
Horvat, MEd,2 L. A. Golding, PhD3
 Balke Step Test (Aerobic Test)
Also known as Maximal Graded Step test Or
Gradational Step Test
Purposes :
• To determine aerobic fitness
Equipment :
• Stop watch
• Automatically adjustable step
• Metronome or cadence tape
Procedure :
Four test procedures were subsequently evaluated,
all starting out with an initial stepping height of 8cm.
Procedure 1 :
• Stepping at a rate of 24 body lifts per minute, raising
the platform 2cm at the begining of each minute.
Procedure 2:
• Stepping at rate of 30 body lifts per minute, raising
the platform 2.5cm (1 inch) each minute.
Procedure 3:
• Stepping rate of 30 but minute by minute increment of 2cm in stepping
height.
Procedure 4:
• The stepping rate was maintained at 30 and the load increment at 2cm but
the technique of stepping up and down was altered.
• On count 4, the foot was not returned to the ground but allowed to rest on
the platform. thus the leg lifts on count ‘1’ of the next stepping cycle was
avoided which reduce somewhat the metabolic cost of work for each level.
Measurements during exercise tests:
• In all tests the heart rate and blood pressure were continuously monitored
and the respiratory gas exchanged was determined periodically and always
during the peak minute.
• The tests was terminated when the attainment of a maximum heart rate
became obvious or when the pulse pressure began decaling at pulse rate
considered near maximum.
 References
• The Gradational step test for assessing
cardiorespiratory capacity: An experimental
evaluation of treadmill and step test
procedures. Francis J. Nagle Ed.D and Bruno
Balke M.D
 Quick Strike Punching Test (Aerobic test)
Purpose :
• It is use to measure sustained punching power.
Equipment:
• Instrumented 100 pound heavy bag.
• Stop watch
• Boxing gloves
Procedure:
• Subject is instructed to hit the bag as fast as possible and as hard as
possible for a set period of time.
• Strong verbal encouragement will help the subject to achieve their
maximal score.
 References

• Quick Strike Test;

https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/
quick-strike.htm