Video

CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND ITS

EFFECTS

CHAPTER -DEALING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL

CONCERNS
SUBJECT – FOUNDATION COURSE - III
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CONCEPT OF DISASTER Video

The Webster's Dictionary defines a disaster as” a grave

occurrence having ruinous results”.
The World Health Organisation(WHO) defines disaster as “ any
event concentrated in time and space in which a society,
undergoes sever danger and incurs such losses to its members
and physical appurtenances, that the social structure is
disrupted and the fulfilment of all or some of the essential
functions of the society is prevented.”
Disaster is an event which strikes quickly and changes the lives
of all that it touches.
.
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TYPES OF DISASTER Video

• Disaster – Classified into 3 types

Natural • Floods, Drought, Cyclone,

Earthquakes, Tsunami, Avalanches,
Disaster Landslides, Volcano

Man- • Nuclear accident, Forest fires,

made Chemical accident, Deforestation,
Wars, Pollution, Industrial accidents
Disaster
Hybrid • Destruction of forest,
Transportation of hazardous cargo,
Disaster house collapse
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TYPES OF DISASTER Video

•
Natural Disaster- occurs naturally
Predictions at times difficult

Hybrid disasters occur when there

is link between man-made events
and natural events.

Man- made Disasters usually resulted

from human interaction within
artificial environment which he has
created
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS Video

• Borderless
• Loss
• Unusual Event
• Communication failure
• The extent is uncertain
• Lack of information
• Misinformation
• Emergency services are affected
• Things get better or they get worse
• Things will last much longer
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS Video

• Borderless: Disasters are not bound by borders of a nation or

state. For instance, earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts,
etc, can take place in any country. The Tsunami of 26th
December 2004 devastated the shore of India, Indonesia, Sri
Lanka, Thailand and other countries.
• Loss: Certain disasters results in death of several people. For
instance, Gujarat earthquake in 2001 resulted in death of over
20000 people . The Orissa cyclone in 1999 killed 10000
people. The Tsunami disaster in 2004 took away of 2.3 lakh
people across 14 countries. Apart from loss of human lives,
the disaster results in loss of livestock, destruction of houses,
offices, factories, and other valuable assets.
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• Unusual Event: Disasters, do not happen all the time.

Unusual, but not unexpected.
• Communication failure: The problem is that there are
different ways that communications fail. (i.e) Frequency
overuse, Battery failure, Incorrect information,
Misunderstanding
• The extent is uncertain: With unusual events occurring by
communication failure, it is no surprise that disasters
invariably result in nobody knowing the full extent of how bad
things are. The worst hit areas are the last to be responded to.
Areas slightly affected scream the loudest because they still
have phones working or alternate forms of communication.
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• Lack of information: Due to disaster, everything is

affected. As a result, there is tremendous need to find out
what roads are out and what roads are intact, what vital
services are destroyed and which ones can easily be
repaired, where the greatest number of causalities and
evacuees are to be found and what buildings are intact for
recovery use or have been destroyed.
• Misinformation: It is very easy for information to be
misconstrued and rumours to be stated as facts when
dealing with a disaster. Disasters are full examples of “
Wrong Information.”
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• Emergency services are affected: Fire halls, city halls are

destroyed by tornados or floods, fire truck is crushed, the
arrival of the firefighters has no effects on the disaster.
Hospitals are equally affected by the disaster.
• Things get better or they get worse: Disasters never stay
exactly the same. Situation may deteriorate for the worst
or it may be improved for the better.
• Things will last much longer: Things may last much longer
than one expects. There is a tendency for everyone to
think that after an earthquake or a hurricane or any
disaster that things will be cleaned up in a week or two or
the recovery may take months or even years.
 EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
• PHYSICAL EFFECTS
• PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• ECONOMIC EFFECTS
• SOCIAL EFFECTS
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EFFECTS OF DISASTERS Video

•PHYSICAL EFFECTS:
•Death
•Physical Injury
•Outbreak of Diseases:
•Waterborne diseases
•Diseases associated with crowding
•Vector borne diseases
•Diseases due to Lack of Nutrition
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•STRESS RELATED SYMPTOMS:

• Physiological Symptoms
• Psychological Symptoms
• Behavioral Symptoms
• STRESS RELATED RISK FACTOR:
• Severity of Exposure
• Gender and Family
• Age
• Bureaucratic Hurdles
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• ECONOMIC EFFECTS:
• Economic loss due to Unemployment
• Economic loss due to Loss of Assets
• Economic loss due to Injury
• Economic loss due to Death of Earning Family Members
• SOCIAL EFFECTS:
• Caste and Communal Discrimination
• Problem of Social Networking
• Caste and Communal Disturbances
• Adverse Social Effects on women
• Social Evils
• Social Problems of Scheduled Tribes
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EFFECTS OF DISASTERS Video

• Every year, millions of people are affected by both human-

caused and natural disasters. Disasters may be explosions,
earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornados, or fires. In a
disaster, you face the danger of death or physical injury. You
may lose your home, possessions, and community. Such
stressors place you at risk for emotional and physical health
problems.
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PHYSICAL EFFECTS Video

• Death: Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, etc can result

in death of several people. For instance, the Indian Ocean
Tsunami of 2004 resulted in death of 2.3 lakh people across 14
countries including India. In India , 10000 people died and the
highest number of death was in Indonesia i.e. 40000 people
died.
• Physical Injury: Apart from death toll, several people get
injured. For instance, Gujarat earthquake of 2001 about 1.7
lakh people were injured. Latur earthquake in 1993 over
30,000 people were injured.
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• Outbreak of Diseases:
• Waterborne diseases: Water borne diseases are generally
spread through consuming contaminated water but are also
transmitted by skin and mucous membranes coming in
contact with water, mud and damp vegetation.
• Diseases associated with crowding: Due to overcrowding in
relief camps or such other places, especially children, are
subject to various forms if communicable diseases like
measles, meningitis, and acute respiratory infections.
• Vector borne diseases: Vector borne diseases are transmitted
by insect and animal bites, most commonly by mosquitoes.
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• Diseases due to Lack of Nutrition: Lack of nutrition due to

loss of agriculture and forest based livelihood leads to the
general decline in health of people, especially the scheduled
tribes. The tribals generally use traditional home remedies.
But the herbal remedies and plants get destroyed due to
earthquakes or other disasters.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS Video

• Psychiatrists who have studied the mental health effects of

disasters have noticed an apparent pattern. The first
experience is shock and terror. Then there is a feeling of
euphoria that you have survived. Soon after this feeling melts
away into depression and anxiety and the realization of what
has happened and what could have happened.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) occurs in several
surviving people.
• Some people appear to be unaffected by the natural disaster
until symptoms start to emerge months later. Changes in
behavior can include depression guilt, insomnia, anger and
withdrawal from family and friends.
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• Physiological Symptoms: Headaches, Blood Pressure, Ulcer,

Digestive problems, Sleep disorder
• Psychological Symptoms: Burnout, Emotional instability,
Depression, Moodiness, Nervousness and tension, Chronic
worry
• Behavioral Symptoms: Abuse of alcohol or drugs, Aggression,
Absenteeism from work, Performance problems, Excessive
smoking, Safety problems
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STRESS RELATED RISK FACTOR Video

• Severity of Exposure: The amount of exposure to the disaster

is highly related to risk of future mental problems. At highest
risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next
are those in close contact with victims. Injury and life threat
are the factors that lead most often to mental health
problems.
• Gender and Family: Females suffer more negative effects than
the males. Disaster recovery is more stressful when children
are present in home. Having a family member in the home
who is extremely distressed is responsible to more stress for
everyone.
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• Age: Adults who are in the age of 30 to 60 are likely to be

more distressed after disasters. Persons in the age group of 30
to 60 have more demands from job and family. In general,
children show more severe distress after disasters than the
adults. i.e. Fear, anxiety, Sleep disorders, School problems, etc
• Bureaucratic Hurdles: Compensation and rehabilitation
packages and claims for death and damages necessitates
regular interface with the Govt officials or bureaucracy. The
bureaucracy is ridden with red- tape and delays, this would
certainly aggravate the trauma of the victims who were
already trying to cope with injury, death of family members,
and loss of property.
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ECONOMIC EFFECTS Video

• Economic loss due to Unemployment: The unemployment may

be short term or long term. In the short term, people may
remain unemployed due to the destruction of infrastructure, or
damage to factories, fields, vehicles, etc
• In the long term, people may remain unemployed due to
physical injuries which may not permit individual to work. For
instance, loss of limbs, hands, eye sight, and so on.
• during the disasters, the most affected are the people who work
in the unorganized sectors such as fields, self-employed people
like autorickshaw drivers, people whose livelihood depends on
livestock etc
• Economic loss due to Loss of Assets: Loss of property, the fertile
land may become useless for cultivation (earthquakes,
hurricanes etc) Also due to disasters people may lose their
valuables such as gold, cash and other assets.
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• Economic loss due to Injury: People may suffer economic loss

due to physical injury. Lot of money may be spent on recovery.
The Govt compensation may be limited and at times may not
be received at all. For instance, over 5 lakh victims of Bhopal
Gas Tragedy are left out of compensation announced by Govt
of India in 2010.
• Economic loss due to Death of Earning Family Members:
Surviving members may suffer economic loss on account of
death of earning family members. In several cases, the
surviving members are left without earning members in the
family.
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SOCIAL EFFECTS Video

• Caste and Communal Discrimination: In the post disaster

period, the survivors may have to face caste and communal
discrimination. For instance, in the post Gujarat earthquake of
2001, it was observed that there was caste and communal
discrimination in the distribution of relief.
• Problem of Social Networking: Disasters may affect social
networking of the survivors. In certain cases, survivors may
lose their friends, neighbors, work mates, school/college
mates on account of death caused by disasters.
• Caste and Communal Disturbances: Manmade disasters may
lead to caste and communal disturbances. For instance, the
Godhra train burning in February 2002 led to communal riots
between Hindus and Muslims.
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• Adverse Social Effects on women: Male hooligans go on

rampage during the riots and targeting women and young girls.
The women and young girls are molested, and raped by male
hooligans, especially during the riots.
• Social Evils: Post disaster may result in social evils such as
robberies, murders, etc. Disaster may result in economic woes.
The displaced people may move to urban areas in search of
employment. Therefore, the unemployed persons may commit
murders, robberies, etc for their livelihood, disasters may lead to
increased rate of gambling, and drinking of liquor.
• Social Problems of Scheduled Tribes: The tribals are simple
people who have a traditional lifestyle of their own.
Displacement on account of disasters can have a negative impact
on their culture and spiritual existence.
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• Disaster management involves policy decisions and

operational activities relating to various stages of disaster
stage (i.e).
Disaster
Pre-disaster Post –disaster
occurrence
stage stage
stage
• Avoiding or • Ensuring • Achieving
minimizing prompt and effective
the reasonable recovery
potential assistance
losses to disaster
victims
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE Video

• The disaster management cycle includes the shaping of public

policies and plans that either modify the causes of disasters or
mitigate their effects on people, property and infrastructure.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

Prevention

Recovery Mitigation

Disaster
Response Preparedne
ss
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PREVENTION Video

• Prevention involves all those activities that are required to prevent

the disaster or prevent the gravity of loss, if the disaster occurs.
• The prevention phase involves active participation of all groups of
the society- Government, non-government organizations, and other
institutions.
• The following are the different elements of the prevention phase:
• 1.Disaster Management Action Plan (DMAP)
• Assess the status of existing resources and facilities
• Assess their adequacies in dealing with a disaster,
• Identify the requirements
• Disaster Warning
• Important elements of warning
• Education and Training
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PREVENTION Video

• Prevention involves all those activities that are required to

prevent the disaster or prevent the gravity of loss, if the
disaster occurs. The prevention phase involves active
participation of all groups of the society- Government, non-
government organisations, and other institutions. The
following are the different elements of the prevention phase:
• 1. Disaster Management Action Plan (DMAP): The state
Disaster Management Action Plan has been prepared for its
operationalisation by various departments and agencies of
the Government of Maharashtra and Non-Governmental
Agencies expected to participate in disaster management.
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• The purpose of this plan is to evolve a system to,

• Assess the status of existing resources and facilities available
with the various departments and agencies involved in
disaster management in the state,
• Assess their adequacies in dealing with a disaster,
• Identify the requirements for institutional strenghthening,
technological support, upgradation of information systems
and data management for improving the quality of
administrative response to disasters at the state level,
• It is associated with disasters like road accidents, major fires,
earthquakes, floods, cyclones, epidemics and off-site
industrial accidents.
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• Disaster Warning: The disaster management authorities need

to plan for early warning of impending disaster and its effect.
For instance, Storm or hurricane warnings provide advance
notice to citizens.
• A warning system is essential to indicate the onset of a
disaster, like alarms (for fires) & sirens(For industrial
accidents) to public announcements through radio, television
etc (cyclones, floods) and other traditional modes of
communication (beating of drums, ringing of bells, hoisting of
flags)
• Important elements of warning: Awareness, Alternate
warning system, Simple language
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• Education and Training: There is a need to educate the

various sections of the society on disaster management.
• Involvement of educational and training institutions,
corporate sectors and non-government organisations in order
to generate knowledge on disaster management by
conducting various training and awareness programmes, for
the prevention and preparedness relating to disaster
management.
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MITIGATION Video

•Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by

reducing the impact of disasters, when they occur.
•The mitigation phase differs from the other phase because it
focuses on long term measures for reducing or eliminating risk.
•Risk analysis: Insurance can be obtained to protect financial
losses.
•Structural measures- Changes in the structure of a building or
changing the surroundings.
•Non-structural measures- Obtaining property or building
insurance or building the house at a safer place. Also include
legislation or regulations regarding evacuation, sanctions against
those who refuse to obey the regulations & communication of
risk to the public.
 OBJECTIVES/ GOALS OF MITIGATION
• To Prevent Hazards from Developing into Disaster
• To Protect Public Health and Safety
• To Safeguard Properties
• To Increase Public Awareness
• To Facilitate Communication and Coordination
• To Builds Capacity
• To Provide Relief Camps
• To Provide Package for Reconstruction Work
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RELIEF AND REHABILITATION MEASURES Video

• Immediate Relief Measures:

• Relief camps in case of major disasters such as earthquakes
or floods. For instance, during the Tsunami of December 2004,
about 207 relief camps were opened in Andaman and Nicobar
Islands that sheltered around 46,000 people.
• Ex-gratia payment to the next kin
• Intermediate shelters
• Compensation for crop and livestock loss
• Special relief ration
• Drinking
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• Social Services:
• Preventive measures were taken to ensure any outbreak of
communicable disease.
• Health centres
• Free medicines
• Schools need to be opened at the earliest even with
temporary structures.
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• Long Term Measures:

• Special package for reconstruction work to rehabilitate the
damaged infrastructure.
• Reconstruction of permanent houses and community
infrastructure
• Restoring the livelihood of self-employed, like fishermen, artisan
and others
• Reclamation of land affected
• Reconstruction of local transport facilities
• Restoration of damaged power and information communication
technology infrastructure.
• Upgrading drinking water supply and drainage system
• Construction of social infrastructure such as schools, primary
health centres etc
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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Video

• At this stage, plans of action are developed to deal with the

situation when the disaster strikes. Disaster preparation is an
effective way of reducing the impact of disasters which link
emergency response and rehabilitation.
• The following are the activities under disaster preparedness:
• Communication
• Training
• Casualty Prediction
• Stockpiling
• Evacuation Plan
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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Video

• At this stage, plans of action are developed to deal with the

situation when the disaster strikes. Disaster preparation is an
effective way of reducing the impact of disasters which link
emergency response and rehabilitation.
• The following are the activities under disaster preparedness:
• Communication: Proper communication plans must be put
into place not only to warn the people about the possible
threat of disaster, but also to carry out relief and
rehabilitation operations more effectively. Clear instructions
must be given to the relief & rehab teams.
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• Training: Adequate training must be provided for disaster

preparedness. Emergency preparedness and capacity
development in terms of adequately trained human resources
and infrastructure are the basic issues in the pre-event
planning. The Govt. must develop organisations of trained
volunteers among civilian population. In mass emergencies,
trained, organized and responsible volunteers are extremely
valuable. For example, organisations like the Red Cross are
ready sources of trained volunteers.
• Casualty Prediction: The study of how many deaths or injured
persons to expect for a given kind of disaster. This gives
planners an idea of what resources need to be in place to
respond to a particular kind of event.
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• Stockpiling: There is a need for stockpiling of food supplies,

and maintaining of other disaster supplies and equipment.
Typically, a three day supply of food and water is the
minimum recommendation. Having a larger supply means
longer survival. Small comfort items can be added like a few
toys for children or books to read.
• Evacuation Plan: Disasters by their very nature will be
different and may require evacuation of communities. There
must be an evacuation plan depending on the type of disaster.
Different situations demand different priorities and hence the
responsibility for ordering evacuation is assigned to different
agencies.
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RESPONSE PHASE Video

• The response phase includes the mobilization of the

necessary emergency services. Response Phase Includes:
• Setting up control rooms,
• Putting contingency plan in action,
• issue warning action for evacuation,
• taking people to safer shelters,
• providing medical aid to the injured,
• situation assessment and resources mobilization.
• Response phase includes-
• Pre-disaster response: to reduce the impact of disaster
• During disaster response: To ensure that steps are taken
• Post- disaster response: effective recovery
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RECOVERY PHASE Video

• The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area

to its previous state. It differs from the response phase in its
focus.
• Recovery phase involve disaster assessment,
• damage clearance,
• immediate rehabilitation,
• reconstruction planning and implementation.
• Two stages of recovery phase:
• Short term: The aim to return life supporting systems
• Long term: May take several months or years to return life to
normal or better levels
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DISASTERS
• A human rights culture needs to be established before, during
and after the disaster so that rescue, relief, resettlement and
rehabilitation efforts are just and fair to all the affected
persons, irrespective of caste, gender, economic status, etc.
• There are several instances in India and other developing
countries, where there are human rights violations even at
the time of disasters.
• There is often discrimination on the basis of caste, gender,
and economic status at the time of provision and distribution
of aid or compensation and in the recognition of other human
rights following a disaster.
 Violation of Human Rights relating to Area for
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compensation, and distribution of relief
• Discrimination in Relief Distribution
• Caste based discrimination
• Gender based discrimination
• Economic class based discrimination
• Geographic discrimination
• Lack of Concern for children
• General Atrocities of Backward castes
• Neglect of Women Rights
• Lack of Information
• Harassment to Victims to Claim Compensation
• Harassment to Victims to Claim Compensation
 Violation of Human Rights relating to Area for
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compensation, and distribution of relief
• Discrimination in Relief Distribution: i.e.
• Caste based discrimination: It has been observed that the
backward castes such as SCs & STs in some parts of India were
discriminated against in the distribution of food and other aid
during the Tsunami of 2004- Govt officials relied on lists of
Tsunami victims prepared by local fishermen’s associations or
local leaders to distribute aid. Since fishermen do not permit
Dalits to join their associations, Gujarat earthquake in 2001,
and so on.
• Gender based discrimination: Women are excluded from
receiving relief and rehabilitation assistance. For instance,
during the Tsunami of 2004, in Tamil Nadu, women were
excluded from receiving boats or other subsistence fishing
supports or employment as aid workers.
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• Economic class based discrimination: The rich and powerful

can exercise influence to demand rapid private compensation
and reconstruction loans. But the economically backward
people including poor farmers, landless labourers, fishing
community do get little and delayed compensation.
• Geographic discrimination: At the post Gujarat earthquake,
benefits were concentrated in talukas such as Bhuj and
Bhachau. People living in Rapar and anjar were generally
neglected, as it had the highest concentration of SCs & STs as
compared to Bhuj and Bhachau.
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• Lack of Concern for children: At the time of disasters, there is

often lack of concern for the post traumatic stress disorders of
children. The Govt. authorities fail to take adequate measures
to overcome the emotional and cultural problems of the
children. Fortunately, in India some of the NGOs play an
important role in supporting the children affected by
disasters. It undertook various activities like, Day Care
Centers, Nutrition programme, Medical & psychological
support, Cultural activities like singing, craft, indoor games
etc.
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• General Atrocities of Backward castes: There are atrocities

committed by higher castes on Dalits. For instance, Tsunami
2004, Dalits in Tamil Nadu have been told by members of
higher castes to leave the relief camps. Dalits have been
prevented from drinking from the same water tanks or eating
in the same places as others in the relief camps.
• Neglect of Women Rights: Women as a group are vulnerable
to human rights violations and exploitation. The Tsunami
2004, affected women differently from men. It was reported
that, public and private relief agencies failed to meet women’s
essential needs for food, shelter, health, and security. In
addition, women face exclusion from relief and reconstruction
assistance.
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• Lack of Information: The backward castes did not have

adequate information relating to relief and rehab measures.
Due to lack of awareness, they could not approach Govt.
authorities to claim their benefits.
• Harassment to Victims to Claim Compensation: Generally,
there is lack of concern for the victims of disasters by
Government officials. At times, compensation and relief is
provided to those who are not affected by the disasters, and
those who deserve compensation are denied the same.
• Due to disaster, the land records and other property titles may
get destroyed. The victims are made to run from pillar to post
for getting their dues in form of cash, land and so on. The lack
of coordination makes the situation worse for the victims.
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AND REHABILITATION
• Humanitarian approach relates to the human rights approach
relating to resettlement and rehabilitation of disaster victims.
These organizations are of the view that a human rights
culture must be established before, during and after a
disaster.
• In several countries, especially in the developing ones, human
rights are potentially at risk in post disaster situations.
• The United Nations and major international human rights and
NGOs identified significant human rights concerns relating to
disaster.
• Some of the important principles are as follows;
HUMANITARIAN APPROACH TO RESETTLEMENTArea for
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AND REHABILITATION

• Non-Discrimination
• The Rights of Vulnerable Groups
• The Rights of Health
• The Rights to Housing
• The Right to a Livelihood
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• Non-Discrimination: These Principles shall be applied without

discrimination of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language,
religion, or belief, political or other opinion, national ethnic or
social origin, legal or social status, age, disability, property,
birth, or on any other similar criteria. For instance, reports
indicate that there was large scale discrimination of
marginalized groups such as SCs, STs, Fishermen, Muslims, etc
• The Rights of Vulnerable Groups: Certain internally displaced
persons, such as children, especially unaccompanied minors,
expectant mothers, mothers with young children, female
heads of household, persons with disabilities and elderly
persons, shall be entitled to protection and assistance
required by their condition and to treatment which takes into
account their special needs.
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• The Rights of Health: All wounded and sick internally

displaced persons as well as those with disabilities shall
receive to the fullest extent and with the least possible delay,
the medical care and attention they require, without
distinction on any grounds other than medical ones.
Therefore, Government are obliged to respect, protect and
fulfill the right to health.
• The Rights to Housing: The state parties to the present
covenant recognise the right of everyone to an adequate
standard of living for himself and his family, including
adequate housing and to the continuous improvement of
living conditions. However, in several cases there was slow
progress relating to housing and rehabilitation of disaster
victims.
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• The Right to a Livelihood: The State Parties to the present

Covenant recognize the right to work, which includes the right
of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work, the
right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work,
which he freely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate
steps to safeguard this right.”
• Disasters destroy or damage the facilities required for
livelihood such as damage to boats of fishermen, production
units of micro units, etc. Yet in several cases, the survivors do
not get proper employment for several months or years after
the disaster.
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