ppt04

GEOMETRIC
CONSTRUCTION
CHAPTERFOUR
OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the geometry that makes up basic 2D drawings.
2. Use board drafting or 2D CAD skills to create technical

figures.
3. Describe the advantages of CAD contrasted with

drawing with manual instruments
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e © 2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
2
GEOMETRY REVIEW
• Triangles
• Quadrilaterals
• Polygons
• Circles
• Arcs
3
BISECTING A LINE OR
CIRCULAR ARC
Compass system
Triangle and T-Square System
4
BISECTING A LINE WITH TRIANGLE
AND T-SQUARE
From endpoints A and B, draw construction lines at 30°, 45°, or 60° with the given line. Then,
through their intersection, C, draw a line perpendicular to the given line to locate the center
D…
5
Triangles
Inclined lines can be drawn at standard angles with the 45° triangle and the 30° x 60°
triangle. The triangles are transparent so that you can see the lines of the drawing
through them. A useful combination of triangles is the 30° x 60° triangle with a long
side of 10" and a 45° triangle with each side 8" long.
6
Any Angle in 15° Increments
With only a 30° x 60°
triangle and a 45°
triangle, you can draw
any angle in 15°
increments
The bottom
of the triangle in
each case is resting
on the blade of the
T-square. Twenty-four 15°
sectors are possible with just
these two triangles used singly or
in combination.
7
Protractors
For measuring or setting off angles other than those obtainable with triangles, use
a protractor.
Plastic protractors are

satisfactory for most angular
measurements
Nickel silver protractors are available

when high accuracy
is required
8
ANGLES…
BISECTING AN ANGLE
TRANSFERRING AN
ANGLE
9
DRAWING A LINE PARALLEL TO A
LINE AND AT A GIVEN DISTANCE
T-square Method For Curves
10
DRAWING A LINE THROUGH A POINT
AND PERPENDICULAR TO A LINE
When the Point Is Not on the Line When the Point Is on the Line T-square Method
11
TRIANGLES…
DRAWING A TRIANGLE
WITH SIDES GIVEN
DRAWING A RIGHT
TRIANGLE WITH
HYPOTENUSE AND ONE
SIDE GIVEN
12
LAYING OUT AN ANGLE
• Tangent Method
• Sine Method
• Chord Method
Many angles can be laid out directly with the triangle or protractor.
13
DRAWING AN EQUILATERAL
TRIANGLE
Alternative Method
14
DRAWING A SQUARE
• T-square Method
• Diameters Method
• Inscribed Circle Method
You can use the AutoCAD Polygon

command to draw squares. The Rectangle
command is another quick way to make a
square in AutoCAD.
15
DRAWING A REGULAR PENTAGON
Dividers Method Geometric Method
16
DRAWING A HEXAGON
Each side of a hexagon is equal to the radius of the circumscribed circle
Use a compass
Centerline Variation
Steps
17
Drawing an Octagon
Given an inscribed circle, or distance Given a circumscribed square, (the distance

“across flats”, use a T-square or “across flats”) draw the diagonals of the square.
straightedge and a 45° triangle to draw the Then, use the corners of the square as centers and
eight sides tangent to the circle. half the diagonal as the radius to draw arcs
cutting the sides
18
FINDING THE CENTER OF A CIRCLE
This method uses the principle that any right triangle inscribed in a circle cuts
off a semicircle.
Another method, slightly longer, is to reverse the procedure. Draw two nonparallel
chords and draw perpendicular bisectors. The intersection of the bisectors will be the
center of the circle.
19
DRAWING TANGENTS TO TWO
CIRCLES AutoCAD software provides a
convenient object snap for finding
tangency.
20
DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO A
LINE OR ARC
AND THROUGH A POINT
Tangents
21
DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO TWO
LINES AT RIGHT ANGLES
For small radii, such as 1/8R for fillets and rounds, it is not practicable to
draw complete tangency constructions. Instead, draw a 45° bisector of the
angle and locate the center of the arc by trial along this line
22
LINES AT ACUTE OR
OBTUSE ANGLES
23
DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO AN
ARC AND A STRAIGHT LINE
24
ARCS
25
Drawing an Arc Tangent to Two Arcs and
Enclosing One or Both
26
DRAWING AN OGEE CURVE
Connecting Two Parallel Lines Connecting Two Nonparallel Lines
27
THE CONIC SECTIONS
The conic sections are curves produced by planes intersecting a right circular cone.
Four types of curves are produced: the circle, ellipse, parabola, and
hyperbola, according to the position of the planes.
28
DRAWING A FOCI ELLIPSE
29
DRAWING A CONCENTRIC CIRCLE
ELLIPSE
If a circle is viewed with the line of sight perpendicular to the plane
of the circle…
…the circle will appear as a circle, in true size and shape
30
DRAWING A PARALLELOGRAM
ELLIPSE
The intersection of like-numbered lines will be points on the ellipse. Locate points in the remaining
three quadrants in a similar manner. Sketch the ellipse lightly through the points, then darken the
final ellipse with the aid of an irregular curve.
31
ELLIPSE TEMPLATES
These ellipse guides are usually designated by the ellipse angle, the angle at
which a circle is viewed to appear as an ellipse.
32
Irregular Curves
The curves are largely successive segments of geometric curves, such as
the ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, and involute.
33
DRAWING AN APPROXIMATE ELLIPSE
For many purposes, particularly where a small ellipse is required, use the
approximate circular arc method.
34
DRAWING A PARABOLA
The curve of intersection between a right circular cone and a plane parallel to one
of its elements is a parabola.
35
DRAWING A HELIX
A helix is generated by a point moving around and along the surface of a cylinder or
cone with a uniform angular velocity about the axis, and with a uniform linear
velocity about the axis, and with a uniform velocity in the direction of the axis
36
DRAWING AN INVOLUTE
An involute is the path of a point on a string as the string unwinds from a line,
polygon, or circle.
37
DRAWING A CYCLOID
A cycloid is generated by a point P on the circumference of a circle that rolls
along a straight line
Cycloid
38
DRAWING AN EPICYCLOID OR A
HYPOCYCLOID
Like cycloids, these curves are used to form the outlines of certain gear teeth and are therefore
of practical importance in machine design.
39

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GEOMETRIC

1. Identify the geometry that makes up basic 2D drawings.

2. Use board drafting or 2D CAD skills to create technical

3. Describe the advantages of CAD contrasted with

Plastic protractors are

Nickel silver protractors are available

T-square Method For Curves

You can use the AutoCAD Polygon

Dividers Method Geometric Method

Given an inscribed circle, or distance Given a circumscribed square, (the distance

Connecting Two Parallel Lines Connecting Two Nonparallel Lines

…the circle will appear as a circle, in true size and shape

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