Boiling and Condensation

Boiling
Two basic types of boiling:
• Pool boiling
– Occurs on heated surface submerged in a liquid pool
which is not agitated
• Flow boiling
– Occurs in flowing stream
– Boiling surface may be a portion of flow passage
– Flow of liquid and vapor important type of 2 phase
flow
Regimes of Boiling
Regime 1:
• Wire surface temperature is only a few degrees
higher than the surrounding saturated liquid
• Natural convection currents circulate the
superheated liquid
• Evaporation occurs at the free liquid surface as the
superheated liquid reaches that position
 Regime 2:
• Increase in wire temperature is accompanied by
the formation of vapor bubbles on the wire surface
• These bubbles form at certain surface sites, where
vapor bubble nuclei are present, break off and
condense before reaching the free liquid surface

At a higher surface temperature, as in regime III, larger and more

numerous bubbles form, break away from the wire surface, rise,
and reach the free surface. Regimes II & III are associated with
nucleate boiling.
Regime IV:
• Beyond the peak of the curve the transition boiling
regime is entered.
• A vapor film forms around the wire, and portions
of this film break off and rise, briefly exposing a
portion of the wire surface
• This film collapse and reformation and this
unstable nature of the film is characteristic of the
transition regime.
• When present, the vapor film provides a
considerable resistance to heat transfer, thus the
heat flux decreases.
Correlations of Boiling Heat-
Transfer Data
 g (  L  V ) surface tension
Db 


Nub = Cfc Rebm PrLn  Refer to Appendix 6 for Detailed Derivation.

As confirmed by Cengel 2007
 Condensation

• Occurs when a vapor contacts a surface

which is at a temperature below the
saturation temperature of the vapor.
• When the liquid condensate forms on the
surface, it will flow under the influence of
gravity.
• Film Condensation
•Normally the liquid wets the surface, spreads out and forms a
film.
• Dropwise Condensation
•If the surface is not wetted by the liquid, then droplets form and
run down the surface, coalescing as they contact other
condensate droplets.
Example 1
 Film Condensation:
Turbulent-Flow Analysis
• It is logical to expect the flow of the condensate
film to become turbulent for relatively long
surfaces or for high condensation rates.
• The criterion for turbulent flow is a Reynolds
number for the condensate film.
• In terms of an equivalent diameter, the
applicable Reynolds number is
4A
A  1   ; P  1;  4
4A L P
Re = 4 A  L vavg 4 L vavg
P f Re 
P

f

f
 4 c 4  LVavg 
Re  
f f
 4 c 4  LVavg 
Re  
f f
 Dropwise Condensation

Dropwise Condensation
• Associated with higher heat-transfer
coefficients than filmwise condensation
phenomenon.
• Attractive phenomenon for applications
where extremely large heat-transfer rates
are desired.
 Heat Transfer Equipment
• Single-pass heat exchanger – fluid flows through
only once.
• Parallel or Co-current flow – fluids flow in the
same direction.
• Countercurrent flow or Counterflow - fluids flow
in opposite directions.
• Crossflow – two fluids flow at right angles to one
another.
Double pipe heat exchanger (A) and
crossflow heat exchanger (B)

A B
 Shell-and-tube Arrangement
• E.g. Tube-side fluid makes two passes, shell-side fluid makes one
pass.
• Good mixing of the shell-side fluid makes one pass.
 Log-Mean Temperature Difference

• Temperature profiles for single-pass double-pipe heat

exchanger
 Counterflow analysis
• Temperature vs. contact area
 Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)

• First-law-of-thermodynamics
 .   . 
q   mC p  Tc   mC p  TH
 c  H
 .   . 
dq   mC p  dTc  Cc dTc   mC p  dTH  CH dTH
 c  H
• Energy transfer between the two fluids

dq  UdA(TH  TC )
TH  TC  T  d (T )  dTH  dTC
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
 Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
q = U*T*dA
CH* (TH2-TH1) = q
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
Example #1
Example #1 (continued)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (1)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (2)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (3)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (4)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (1)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (2)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (3)
 Example # 2

375

350
S, H, Water 280 -> 311.1
280 375
T, C, Oil 375-> 350
280 311.1

350 375