PROPOSITIONS

REVIEW

•ENUMERATE THE
TYPES OF
SENTENCES
 TYPES-

1] DECLARATIVE
2] IMPERATIVE
3] INTERROGATIVE
4] EXCLAMATORY
 DECLARATIVE

•- IS USED TO MAKE
STATEMENT OF
FACT, WISH, INTENT
OR FEELING.
 IMPERATIVE

•- IS USED TO STATE
A COMMAND ,
REQUEST, OR
DIRECTION.
 INTERROGATIVE

-IS USED TO ASK A

QUESTION
 EXCLAMATORY

•-IS USED TO
EXPRESS STRONG
FEELINGS.
 KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO
COMPOSITION

•SIMPLE SENTENCE-
IS A SENTENCE THAT HAS
ONE INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE.
 COMPOUND SENTENCE
• -IS A SENTENCE THAT CONTAINS
TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE S JOINED BY
CONJUNCTION,[ FOR, NOR, BUT,
OR , YET, SO], SEMI COLONS, OR
FOLLOWED BY A CONJUNCTIVE
ADVERB.
 COMPLEX SENTENCE

• - IS A SENTENCE THAT
CONTAINS ONE
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
AND ONE OR MORE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

• - IS A COMPOUND
SENTENCE WITH ONE
OR MORE
DEPENDENT CLAUSES.
LOGIC
 LOGIC

- is defined to be a
system of reasoning
assessed on
conditions of validity.
 LOGIC

- Reasoning begins with

making statements ,
which turns into
arguments.
PROPOSITION
 General definition:

• An expression in language
of signs of something that
can be believed ,doubted,
or denied or is either true
or false.
 PROPOSITION

• -A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
• -CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS TRUE
OR FALSE (but not both)
• THE TRUTH OR FALSITY OF
EACH CAN BE DETERMINED BY
A “DIRECT CHECK”.
 PROPOSITION OR NOT

•1] WHAT IS THE

FULL NAME OF
YOUR FATHER?
•answer= No
 PROPOSITION OR NOT

• 2] PLEASE GIVE ME THE

BAG ON TOP OF THE
CABINET.
• answer= NO
 PROPOSITION OR NOT

• 3]MT. APO IS THE

HIGHEST PEAK IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
• answer= PROPOSITION
 PROPOSITION OR NOT

• 4] TWENTY-ONE
DECREASED BY THREE IS
EIGHTEEN.
• answer=PROPOSITION
 PROPOSITION OR NOT

• PETER’S NARRATIVE REPORT IS

NOT READABLE.
• answer=NOT [ a paradox ]
• Paradox*-a declarative sentence
which could either be true , nor
false, or is both true and false..
 PROPOSITION OR NOT

• THIS STATEMENT IS FALSE.

• answer=NOT [ a paradox ]
• Paradox*-a declarative
sentence which could either be
true , nor false, or is both true
and false..
 “ALL BIRDS CAN FLY”

-Declarative sentence
-either true or false BUT NOT
BOTH AT THE SAME TIME
-Truth Value is FALSE
 “Quezon City is our nation’s capital”

-Declarative sentence
-either true or false BUT NOT
BOTH AT THE SAME TIME
-Truth Value is FALSE
 Types of proposition
• 1] SIMPLE PROPOSITION- A
PROPOSITION THAT CONVEYS ONE
THOUGHT WITH NO CONNECTING
WORDS.(examples: not, and, or ,if
etc…)
• EXAMPLE-
• BILL GATES IS THE RICHEST MAN IN
THE WORLD
 Types of proposition
• 2]COMPOUND PROPOSITION- CONTAINS
TWO OR MORE SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS THAT
ARE PUT TOGETHER USING CONNECTIVE
WORDS[AND,OR, NOT, IF….THEN]
• EXAMPLE-
BILL GATES IS THE RICHEST MAN IN THE
WORLD AND HE CONTINUES TO WORK HARD
TO IMPROVE.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION
• 1] CONJUNCTION
• Two simple propositions connected using AND

• Combines two simple propositions called

CONJUNCTS

• Example: Today is Friday and tomorrow is

Saturday”
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 1] CONJUNCTION
• Other words that can be used
in place of the connective
“AND” are BUT, ALSO, and
MOREOVER
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION
• 2)DISJUNCTION-
• Two simple propositions that
are connected using the word
OR
• combines two simple
propositions called
“DISJUNCTS”
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 2)DISJUNCTION-
• Example: I will pass the Math
exam or I will be promoted.
• *”UNLESS” is another word
used for the disjunction of
propositions.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 3)CONDITIONAL
• – Two simple propositions that are
connected using the words IF…THEN
• Example: If you will recite the
poem , then you will pass the oral
examination.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 3)CONDITIONAL
“ONLY IF” can also be used in
place of “if…then”
 Conditional
“if…………then” “only if”
• Example: • Example:

If I save some I will buy some

money, then I of the things I
will buy some need only if I
of the things I saved some
need. money.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 4)BICONDITIONAL
• - Conjunction of two conditional statements where
the antecedents and consequent of the first
statement have been switch in the second
statement.
• Example: if two sides of the triangle are congruent,
then the angle opposite them are congruent and if
two angles of a triangle are congruent , then the
sides opposite them are congruent.
 
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 4)BICONDITIONAL
• Example: if two sides of the triangle
are congruent, then the angle
opposite them are congruent and if
two angles of a triangle are
congruent , then the sides opposite
them are congruent.
 
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 4)BICONDITIONAL
• (Inverse – The premise and the coclusion will become
negative with the insertion of “not”)

• “IF A NUMBER IS EVEN, THEN IT IS

DIVISIBLE BY 2 and IF A NUMBER IS NOT
EVEN,THEN IT IS NOT DIVISIBLE BY 2.
 
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 4)BICONDITIONAL
• (Converse – The premise and the conclusion are
interchanged”)

• “IF A NUMBER IS EVEN, THEN IT IS

DIVISIBLE BY 2 and IF A NUMBER IS
DIVISIBLE BY 2, THEN IT IS EVEN”.
 
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

• 4)BICONDITIONAL
• (Contrapositive) – the premise and the conclusion are
changed and with the insertion of “not”)

• “IF A NUMBER IS EVEN, THEN IT IS

DIVISIBLE BY 2 and IF A NUMBER IS NOT
DIVISIBLE BY 2, THEN IT IS NOT EVEN”.
 
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION
• 5) NEGATION-
• The negation of a given statement is a statement that is
false whenever the given statement is true, and true
whenever the given statement is false.
• Example: The NEGATION of the statement “Herbert is
good “ can be written as:
• =“ Herbert is not good”
• =“ It is not the case that Herbert is good”.
• Her aunt’s name is Lucia = Her aunt’s name is not Lucia
 [BY
USING THE WORD ‘NOT’ OR PHRASES SUCH AS’’ IT IS NOT THE
CASE THAT …’’]
 online-work ( deadline: 6 pm)
• Create 1 example of your own
• 1]simple proposition
• 2]conjunction
• 3]disjunction
• 4]conditional
• 5]biconditional
5.1.Inverse
5.2.Converse
5.3.Contrapositive