Resources

Anything available in the environment to satisfy human needs

 Technologically accessible
 Economically feasible
 Culturally acceptable
 Biotic
On the
basis of
origin Abiotic
Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere and have
life. E.g. Flora and Fauna

•Abiotic – Resources which are composed of non-living things. E.g.

Rocks & Metals
 Renewable
On the basis resources
of
exhaustibility Non-
renewable
resources
 RENEWABLE RESOURCES

•Renewable resources are ones that can be

replenished naturally.

•Some of these resources, like sunlight, air,

wind, etc., are continuously available and
their quantity is not noticeably affected by
human consumption.
•These resources take millions of years in their
formation

•A natural resource such as coal, gas, or oil

that, once consumed, cannot be replaced.

•Most energy resources currently in use are

non-renewable.
 Individual
resources

Community
owned
resources
On the basis
of ownership
National
resources

International
resources
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES-Individual resources are those
resources which are owned by an individual and can 't be accessed by
someone else.

COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES-Community resources are

made available to all the members of the community.
 NATIONAL RESOURCES

• Technically, all the resources belong to the nation.

• The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for
public good.
• Eg’s Roads, canals, railways etc.

INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES

• All the resources lying beyond 200 kms of Exclusive Economic

Zone in the oceans are called International Resources.
• No individual country can use it without the permission of
International agencies.
 Potential
resource

Developed
On the basis of
resource
the status of
the
development Stock

Reserves
Potential Resources- These are known to exist and may be used in the
future. Rajasthan & Gujarat have the potential of Solar Energy.

Developed Resources-Developed resources are those that have been

surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in
present times.
Stock Resources – Stock resources are those that have been
surveyed but cannot be used by organisms due to lack of technology.

Reserve Resources – The part of an actual resource which can be

developed profitably in the future is called a reserve resource. The
water in dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in future.
Problems related to the use of Resources

 Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few

individuals

 Division of society into two segments: Haves and Have nots

 Global ecological crises such as Global warming, ozone layer

depletion, environmental pollution & land degradation
 Sustainable Development

 Development should take place without damaging the

environment

 Development in the present should not compromise

with the needs of the future generations
 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit

 Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of

environmental protection

 Socio-economic development at the Global level

 Declaration on global Climate change was signed

 Adoption of Agenda 21
 Agenda 21

 Aims at achieving Global Sustainable Development

 Solve problems like environmental damage, poverty, diseases

 Global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and

shared responsibilities

 Local Agenda 21
WORK SHEET
Resource Planning
 Definition

Planning is widely accepted strategy for judicious

use of resources
Importance Of Resource Planning

It has importance in a country like India, which has

enormous diversity in the availability of resources
 “ Some states are rich in certain resources while
other are deficient ”

 Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in

Minerals and Coal Deposits
 Arunachal Pradesh: abundance of water resources, but lacks in
Infrastructural development
 Rajasthan: well endowed with Solar and Wind Energy; but lacks
in Water Resources
 Ladakh: has Rich Cultural heritage, but deficient in Water,
Infrastructure and vital minerals
 Resource Planning in India
 We must save for future generation and avoid wastage of
resources

 To reduce regional and personal disparity

 To control global ecological crises-global warming,

depletion of ozone layer
 Steps of Resource Planning

Identification and inventory of resources

Evolving a planning structure

Matching resource development plan with overall

national development
 Land Resources

 Land is the habitat of man

 All the economic activities are performed on land

 The soil cover on the land is essential for plant growth. So land is necessary
for agriculture. Land is used to setup industrial units

 Roads and Railways are built on land

 Natural vegetation and wildlife are supported by land

Land under Important Relief Features

27%

43%

30%

Plains Mountains Plateaus

 Land Utilisation

Land resources are used for the following purposes:

1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings,
roads, factories, etc.
 Land Utilisation
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)

(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land

(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net
sown area)

(c) Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5

agricultural years).
 Land Utilisation
4. Fallow lands

(a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one
agricultural year)

(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5

agricultural years)
 Land Utilisation
5. Net sown area=
Total Land Area – (Forests + Land not available for cultivation +
Other uncultivated land + Fallow land )

6. Gross sown area/ Gross Cropped Area=

Net sown area + Area where more than one crop is grown in a year.
 Land use Pattern in India

 Physical Factors:
Topography, climate, soil types

 Human Factors:
Population density, technological capability and culture and
traditions
Causes of MINING OVER
GRAZING
OVER
IRRIGATION
Land
Degradation

MINERAL INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSING EFFLUENTS
 Process of obtaining coal
or other minerals from a
mine
Mining Mining sites are abandoned
after excavation

Leaving deep scars and

traces
 Jharkhand

Chhattisgarh
States
Madhya Pradesh

Orissa
 It occurs when plants are
exposed to intensive grazing for
extended periods of time

Over grazing Without recovery periods

Caused by livestock in poorly

managed agricultural
applications
 Gujarat

Rajasthan
States
Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra
 Water logging
Over
Irrigation Increase in salinity
Alkalinity of the
soil
 Punjab
States
Haryana
Western Uttar
Pradesh
 Grinding of limestone for
cement industry
Mineral Generates huge quantity
Processing of dust

Retards the process of

infiltration of water
 Orissa

Jharkhand
States
Andhra

Telangana
 Waste produced by
industrial activity
Industrial Discharged into surface
Effluents waters

Major source of water

pollution
 Uttar Pradesh

Tamil Nadu
States
Maharashtra

Gujarat
 Afforestation
Ways to solve Proper management of grazing
Land
Degradation Planting of shelter belts

Stabilization of sand dunes

 Proper management of waste
lands
Ways to solve
Land Control of mining activities
Degradation
Proper discharge and disposal
of industrial effluents
 SOIL AS A RESOURCE

 Soil is the most important renewable natural resource

 It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of

living organisms on the earth

 The soil is a living system

 It takes millions of years to form soil up to few centimeters in

depth
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

 Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other

forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of
soil.

 Based on the factors responsible for soil formation, color,

thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, the soils
of India can be classified in different types.
 Alluvial Soils
 These soils contain adequate proportion of potash

 Also contain lime and phosphoric acid which are ideal for the growth
of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops

 These soils are highly fertile

 Regions of this soils are intensively cultivated and thickly populated

 Types of Alluvial Soil

Khadar Bangar
1. This soil belongs to the category of
This soil belongs to the category of old
new alluvium. alluvium.
2. It contains fine soil particles and is
It contains coarse soil particles and is
light in colour. dark in colour.
3. It is very fertile because of having
It is comparatively not very fertile
fine particles. because of having kanker nodules with
calcium carbonate.
4. It is found along the banks, flood It is found above the level of flood
plains and delta regions. plains.
 Black Soils

These soil have been formed due to solidification of

lava spread over large area during volcanic activity
 BLACK SOIL
 These soils are black in colour and also called as regur soil
 The soil is made up of extremely fine clayey material
 Can hold moisture
 Soil is rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, lime
 Apart of cotton soil is suitable for cereals, oilseeds, citrus fruits,
sugarcane, tobacco, vegetables
 Soil lacks in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter
 AREAS

 Plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh

and Chhattisgarh and
 Extend in the south east direction along the
 Godavari and the Krishna valleys
Red and Yellow Soil

Formation

Areas of Develop on
low crystalline
rainfall igneous rocks
 Orissa

Chhattisgarh
Areas
Southern parts of middle Ganga
Plain

Piedmont zone of Western Ghats

 Red Colour: Due to the
Reason for diffusion of Iron in crystalline
and Metamorphic Rocks
developing
Red or Yellow
Yellow Colour: When it
Colour occurs in hydrated form
 Crops Grown

WHEAT COTTON PULSES TOBACCO POTATO

 Laterite Soil

High temperature and heavy rainfall

Intense leaching

Humus content is low as most of the micro

organisms get destroyed due to high temperature
 Karnataka

Kerala

Areas Tamil Nadu

Madhya Pradesh

Hilly areas of Orissa and Assam

 Crops grown

TEA COFFEE CASHEW NUT

 Western Rajasthan

Red to brown in colour

Sandy in texture
Arid Soil
Salt content is very high

Lacks humus and moisture

Kankar: Increasing calcium content downwards

 Forest Soils

Found in hilly and mountainous areas

Loamy and silty in valley sides

Coarse grained in upper slopes

Himalayas: Acidic with low humus content

Lower parts of the river valleys are fertile

 Soil Erosion

 The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent

washing down is described as Soil Erosion

 Human activities: Deforestation, Over-grazing,

construction , mining etc.

 Nature Forces: Wind, Glacier, Water etc..

 Types of Soil Erosion

Gullies: Running water cuts through clayey soils and

make deep channels
Bad Land: Land unfit for cultivation
Sheet Erosion: Water flows as a sheet over large areas
Wind erosion: Wind blows loose soil off sloping land
Defective methods of farming: Ploughing in a wrong
way, up and down the slope form channels
 Soil Conservation

CONTOUR TERRACE STRIP SHELTER

PLOUGHING CULTIVATION CROPPING BELTS
 Contour Ploughing

 Ploughing along the contours of the land

 It will decelerate the flow of water down the slopes
 Terrace Cultivation

 Steps are constructed on the

slope of the hills making
terrace

 It restricts erosion

 Western and Central

Himalayas have well
developed Terrace Farming
 Strip Cultivation
 Involves cultivating a field partitioned into long, narrow strips
 Large field can be divided into strips
 Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops
 It breaks the force of the wind
 Shelter Belts
 A line of trees planted to protect an area from bad weather
 Breaks the force of wind and prevents soil erosion
 Helps in stabilization of Sand Dunes
 Let’s Revise
1. Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
a) Intensive cultivation
b) Over irrigation
c) Deforestation
d) Over-grazing

2. In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced?

a) Punjab
b) Haryana
c) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
d) Uttarakhand

3. In which of the following states is black soil found basically?

a) Jammu and Kashmir
b) Maharashtra
c) Rajasthan
d) Jharkhand
 Let’s Revise
1. Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
a) Intensive cultivation
b) Over irrigation
c) Deforestation
d) Over-grazing

2. In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced?

a) Punjab
b) Haryana
c) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
d) Uttarakhand

3. In which of the following states is black soil found basically?

a) Jammu and Kashmir
b) Maharashtra
c) Rajasthan
d) Jharkhand
4. Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals
Ans. Resource

5. Soil with high water retaining capacity.

Ans. Black soil

6. Intensively leached soils of the monsoon climate.

Ans. Laterite soil

7. Plantation of trees on a large scale to check soil erosion.

Ans. Afforestation

8. The Great Plains of India are made up of these soils.

Ans. Alluvial Soil
 Project/Activity

a) Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and

minerals
b) A type of non-renewable resource
c) Soil with high water retaining capacity
d) Intensively leached soils of the monsoon climate
e) Plantation of trees on a large scale to check soil erosion
f) The Great Plains of India are made up of these soils
Project/Activity