PRESENTATION

ON
RASTER METHODS OFBY
PRESENTED TRANSFORMATION
RAJEEV KUMAR JHA

SUBMITTED TO: DR. KULDEEP KASWAN

TRANSFORMATION

• What is Transformation?
• Transformation refers to the mathematical operations or rules that are applied
on a graphical image consisting of the number of lines, circles, and ellipses to
change its size, shape, or orientation. It can also reposition the image on the
screen.
• Transformations play a very crucial role in computer graphics.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMATION

• There are various types of transformations in computer graphics through which an

image can be processed, edited ad altered. Some basic and most commonly used
types of these transformations are:
1. Translation
2. Rotation
3. Scaling
4. Reflection
5. Shearing
TRANSLATION

• Translation refers to a technique in which a point is shift from one place to

another, whose distance is known.
• Consider a point A(x1, y1) be shifted to another point B (x2, y2). Now we only know
the shifting distance tx along x-axis and ty along y-axis.

• Now, the new coordinates (x2, y2) can be calculated as:

• x2 = x1 + tx

• y2 = y1 + ty
FOR EXAMPLE

• Suppose we want to shift a point with coordinates at A(30,100) and distance along x-axis is 10 units and 20
units along y-axis.
• Using translation:

• Here tx = 10 ;

• and ty = 20

• New coordinates A’ (x2, y2):

• x2 = 30 + 10 = 130

• y2 = 100 + 20 = 120

• The point will be shifted to A ’ (130, 120 ).

TRANSLATION OF AN OBJECT
ROTATION

• Rotation refers to mathematical operation in which the graphical object is rotated about an
angle (θ) to the axis.
• Rotation is of two types: anti-clockwise and clockwise rotation.

• Suppose we want to rotate a point with coordinates A (x 1, y1) clockwise through an angle θ
about the origin
• Then the new coordinates A’ (x2, y2):

• x2 = x1 cosθ + y1 sinθ

• y2 = x1 sinθ - y1 cosθ

In rotation, we rotate the object at particular angle θ thetatheta from its origin. From the following figure, we can see that
the point PX,YX,Y is located at angle φ from the horizontal X coordinate with distance r from the origin.
Let us suppose you want to rotate it at the angle θ. After rotating it to a new location, you will get a new point P’ X′,Y′X′,Y′.
CONTINUED….

Using standard trigonometric the original coordinate of point PX,YX,Y can be represented

as −
X=rcosϕ......(1)X=rcosϕ......(1)
Y=rsinϕ......(2)Y=rsinϕ......(2)
Representing the above equation in matrix form,
P’ = P . R
Where R is the rotation matrix
R=[cosθ −sinθ
sinθ cosθ]
The rotation angle can be positive and negative.
SCALING

• Scaling refers to a mathematical rule applied to change the size of the image.
• If the value of scaling factors is negative, the size is decreased and when the value is
positive, the size of the image is increased.
• Suppose the point with coordinates A (x1, y1) is to be scaled by a factor sx along the x-axis
and sy along the y-axis.

• Hence the new coordinates after scaling will be:

• x2 = x1 x sx

• y2 = y1 x sy
If we provide values less than 1 to the scaling factor s, then we can reduce the size of the object. if we
provide values greater than 1, then we can increase the size of the object.
REFLECTION

• Reflection is the mirror image of original object. In other words, we can say that it
is a rotation operation with 180°. In reflection transformation, the size of the
object does not change.
• The following figures show reflections with respect to X and Y axes, and about
the origin respectively.
FIGURE.
SHEARING

• Shearing is a transformation in which the shape of the object is slanted about the axis.
• In y-shearing:
• The new-coordinates will be:
• x' = x

• y' = y + sy x

• In x-shearing:
• The new-coordinates will be:

• x' = x + sx y

• y' = y
X SHEAR

• X-Shear
• The X-Shear preserves the Y coordinate and changes are made to X
coordinates, which causes the vertical lines to tilt right or left as shown in below
figure.
 Y SHEAR

• The Y-Shear preserves the X coordinates and changes the Y coordinates which causes
the horizontal lines to transform into lines which slopes up or down as shown in the
following figure.