3 Branches of the American Government

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 1. The Legislative Branch

• The United States • Role : make laws

Congress • Led by : Bicameral
• Under Article I of Congress
the Constitution • 2 Chambers : the
• The legislative House of
branch of the Representatives
federal and the Senate
government.
 The House of Representatives

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• Consists of 435 voting members • Representation is based on the number of

people living in each state.
• Each representative serves two-year terms
• The presiding officer of the chamber is the
• Vacancies arising by death, resignation are Speaker of the House, elected by the
filled by elections Representatives.
The Speaker

Frederick Muhlenberg
(1789–1791, 1793–1795), was the first
speaker.

• Be elected By the House

• Have influence on President
• Should the President and Vice-President
died before the end of their term . It is the
Speaker who becomes President
The longest serving speaker

Sam Rayburn
(1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961)

• One of the most influential speakers in

history was Democrat Sam Rayburn
• He had the most cumulative time as speaker
in history, holding office from 1940 to 1947,
1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961.
• He helped shape many bills, working quietly
in the background with House committees.
• He also helped ensure the passage of several
domestic measures and foreign assistance
programs advocated by Presidents.
 The Senate
• 100 Senators
• 2 Senators for each state.
• Senators serve 6 years term
• the 17th Amendment in 1913, Senators
were chosen by state legislatures, not by
popular vote.
• Since then, they have been elected to six-
year terms by the people of each state.
• The United States Senate is the upper
chamber of the United States Congress,
which, along with the United States
House of Representatives—the lower
chamber—constitutes the legislature of
the United States.
• The Senate chamber is located in the
north wing of the Capitol Building in
Washington, D.C.
• Are established by Article One of the
United States Constitution
• As the upper chamber of Congress, the
Senate has several powers of advice and
consent which are unique to it
Functions of the Congress
2. The Executive Branch

• Under Article II of the Constitution

• Led by the president
• Enforces the laws
• Composed of the president, vice
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the states
• The power of the executive branch
is vested in the president of the U.S
• The president:
+ The head of state and
government
+ The military commander-in-chief
and chief diplomat
• Elected by the people to serve for a
four-year term
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The President
-be 35 years of age,
-be a natural born citizen,
-have lived in the United States for at least 14 years.
 

President Donald J. Trump is the 45th

President of the United States.
The President is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws
written by Congress and, to that end, appoints the heads of the federal
agencies, including the Cabinet.
The President has the power :
- to sign legislation into law or to
veto bills enacted by Congress
- to negotiate and sign treaties
- can issue executive orders
- to extend pardons and
clemencies for federal crimes,
except in cases of
impeachment.
The Vice President
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- Prepared to take over as president if

the president dies or leaves office

- Advises the president

- The Vice President has an office in

the West Wing of the White House,
as well as in the nearby Eisenhower
Executive Office Building.

- The vice president can be elected by Michael R. Pence is the 48th Vice
citizens and serve an unlimited President of the United States.
number of four-year terms.
 Cabinet
-A group of advisors to the President
-Including the vice president, heads of
14 executive departments, and other
high-ranking government officials
- The Secretaries of Agriculture,
Commerce, Defense…..
-Cabinet members are nominated by
the president and must be approved by
a simple majority of the Senate
 

The Cabinet of the United States

The Executive Department

• The heads of the 14 departments,

chosen by the president and approved
by the Senates , form a council of
advisers generally known as the
president’s “cabinet”
• A number of staff organizations
grouped into the Executive Office of
the President.
• Each department of the followings has
thousands of employees, with offices
throughout the country as well as in
Washington.
 The independent agencies

Independent agencies are agencies that exist outside of the

federal executive branch
The nature and purpose of these agencies vary widely.
 Some are regulatory groups with powers
In 1970 , Congress established the Environmental Protection
Agency
Among the most important independent agencies are the
following : CIA, FCC, EPA….
.
 3. The Judicial Branch

• The United States federal

judiciary
• Article III section I of the
Constitution establishes the
Supreme Court of the United
States
• Interpreted the law
• At the top of the judicial branch
are the nine justices of the
Supreme Court
The federal court system
The first Congress divided the nation into districts and
created federal courts for each district:

- the Supreme Court,

- 13 courts of appeals,
- 94 districts court,
- two courts of special jurisdiction.
 - Congress today retains the power to creat and abolish
federal courts, as well as to determine the number of judges
in the federal juduciary system.
- The power of the federal courts extends both to civil
actions for damages and other redress, and to criminal cases
arising under federal law.
- Federal courts do not hear cases arising under the laws of
individual states. However, in some circumstances over which
federal courts have jurisdiction may also be heard and decided
by state courts.
- The Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing
that federal judges shall hold office “during good behavior”.
- Until they die, retire, or resign, although a judge who
committed an offense while in office may be inpeached in the
same way as the president or other officials of the federal
government.
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Comparing Federal & State Courts
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The Federal Court System The State Court System

• Court Structure • Court Structure

• - Article III, Section 1 specifically • - The Constitution and laws of each
creates the U.S. Supreme Court and state establish the state courts.
gives Congress the authority to create
• - Parties have the option to ask the
the lower federal courts.
highest state court to hear the case.
• - Parties dissatisfied with a decision of
a U.S. District Court, the U.S. Court of • - Only certain cases are eligible for
Claims, and/or the U.S. Court of review by the U.S. Supreme Court.
International Trade may appeal to a
U.S. Court of Appeals
Comparing Federal & State Courts

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The Federal Court System The State Court System

• Selection of Judges • Selection of Judges

• nominated by the President and • State court judges are selected
in a variety of ways
confirmed by the Senate.

•  They hold office during good

behavior, typically, for life
The Supreme Court
• The highest court in the country
• The head of the judicial branch of the
federal government
• Located in Washington, DC
• Responsible for deciding whether laws
violate the Constitution
• The Justices of the Supreme Court are
nominated by the president and must be
approved by the Senate.
 9 Justices:
• A Chief Justice, who sits
in the middle is the head
of the judicial branch.
• Eight Associate Justices
• Justices are appointed for
life
• No age requirement to be
a Supreme Court justice
Courts of appeals and district court
 Federal judiciary
 -The second highest level of the federal
judiciary is made up of the courts of
appeals, created in 1891. -12 regional
circuit courts of the appeal and the U.S.
 -Review decisions of the district courts
within their areas.
 -Empowered to review orders of the
independent regulatory agencies .
 -Exists substantial disagreement over
legal points.
-Nationwide jurisdiction to hear appeals
in specializes cases.
District courts
 -The 50 states and US territories
are divided into 94 districts.
 -Each district court has at least 2
judges, many have several
judges.
 -Congress fixes the boundaries
of the districts.