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Flow Control Valve

Fluid Power Systems

By: Molalign M.
EiT-Mekelle
Mechanical Engineering Department
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Introduction

The purpose of flow control in a

hydraulic system is to regulate
speed. All the devices discussed
here control the speed of an
actuator by regulating the flow
rate.

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Different types of flow measurement

 Flow rate can be specified in three different ways

• Volumetric flow rate, Qv,
• is used to calculate the linear speeds of piston rods or
rotational speeds of motor shafts.
• Weight flow rate, Qw,
• is used to calculate power .
• Mass flow rate, Qg,
• is used to calculate inertia forces during periods of
acceleration and deceleration.

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Control of flow rate with valves

There are eight common types of

FCVs
• Orifices
• Flow regulator
• Bypass flow regulator
• Demand-compensated flow regulator
• Pressure compensated- variable flow
• Pressure and temperature compensated
• Priority valves
• Deceleration valves
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1. Orifice valve

 It is the most
elementary
method for
controlling flow.
 It is also a basic
pressure control
device. Figure 4-1 Orifices
(a) Simple fixed orifice and
(b) Variable orifice flow controls.

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2. Flow regulator

 This device consists of

an orifice that senses
flow rate as a pressure
drop across the orifice;
 a compensating piston
adjusts to variations in
inlet and outlet
pressures.
 This compensating
ability provides closer Figure 4-2 Flow regulator adjusts
to variations in inlet and output
control of flow rate pressures.
under varying pressure
conditions..
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3. Bypass flow regulator

 In this flow
regulator, flow in
excess of preset flow
rate returns to
reservoir through a
bypass port,
 Flow rate is
controlled by
throttling fluid across
a variable orifice Figure 4-3 Bypass flow regulator
regulated by the returns excess flow from pump
compensator piston. to tank.

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4. Demand-compensated flow regulator

 Fluid is routed at a
controlled flow rate to
the primary circuit, and
bypass fluid can be
used for work functions
in secondary circuits
without affecting the
primary one.
 There must be flow to Figure4-4 Demand-compensated flow
the primary circuit for control bypasses full pump output to
this type of valve to tank during idle portion of work
function. cycle.
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5. Pressure compensated- variable flow

 It is equipped with
an adjustable
variable orifice
placed in series with
a compensator. The
compensator
automatically adjusts
to varying inlet and
load pressures,
maintaining an Figure 4-5 Pressure-compensated;
essentially constant variable flow-control valve adjusts to
flow. varying inlet and load pressures.

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6. Pressure and temperature compensated

 Because the viscosity of

hydraulic oil varies with
temperature (as do the
clearances between a
valve's moving parts),
output of a flow-control
valve may tend to drift
with temperature changes.
 To offset the effects of
such temperature
variations, temperature
compensators adjust the Figure 4-6 Pressure- and temperature-
control orifice openings to compensated, variable flow-control valve
correct the effects of adjusts the orifice size to offset changes in
viscosity. fluid viscosity.

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7. Priority valves

 A priority valve is essentially

a flow-control valve that
supplies fluid at a set flow
rate to the primary circuit,
thus functioning as a
pressure-compensated flow-
control valve.

 Flow in excess of that

required by the primary
circuit bypasses to a
secondary circuit at a
pressure somewhat below Figure 4-7 Priority valve supplies
that of the primary circuit. fluid at a set rate to a primary circuit.

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8. Deceleration valves

 used for
decelerating a load
driven by a cylinder.
 A cam attached to
the cylinder rod or
load closes the valve
gradually.
 It provides a
variable orifice that Figure 4-8 Deceleration valve slows
gradually increases load by being gradually closed by
backpressure in the action of cam mounted on cylinder
cylinder as the valve load.
closes.
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Flow coefficients

The flow coefficient describes the exact

relationship between pressure drop and flow rate
for a given valve mathematically.
 It is given by the following equation:

p
Q  CV 
Sg

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Application circuit- Meter in FCV

A. Extend cylinder. B. Retract cylinder.

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Application circuit- Meter out FCV

A. Extend cylinder. B. Retract cylinder.

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Thanks

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5.BASIC PNEUMATICS
What do we mean by Pneumatics?
Pascal's law applies both to
hydraulics and pneumatics, because a
confined gas behaves the same as a
confined liquid with regard to
pressure.
It means the following formula still holds
for pneumatics
F=p.A

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Pneumatics Vs. Hydraulics

Components used in both hydraulic and
pneumatic systems are similar in construction and
function.
The differences between hydraulics and
pneumatics all stem from the fact that pneumatics
uses a compressible gas.

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Continued…

Hydraulics Pneumatics
Uses a relatively incompressible liquids Uses a compressible gas (nearly always air)

Slow, smooth motion Quick, jumpy motion

Very precise Not as precise as hydraulics

Self-lubricating Lubricant must be added

Not as clean (some leakage usually exists) Generally cleaner

Pressure of 500 to 5000 psi Pressure of around 100 psi

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Pneumatics

Pneumatics uses air: So, what is air?

Air is a mixture of gases

21 % oxygen,
78% nitrogen, and
1 % other gases such as carbon dioxide and argon

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Pneumatic Components
Pneumatic circuit elements are classified
into four primary groups.
1. Air Supply and Conditioning elements
Compressor, Receiver, pressure regulator, Filter, Dryer,
Lubricator

2. Input Elements
Switches, position sensors, valves

3. Processing Elements
Logic valves, time delay valves, directional control valves

4. Actuating Devices
Cylinders, motors, semi-rotary actuators

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Gas laws
The properties of gas affects air flow.
These properties will greatly influence the design of
any pneumatic system.
Hence a few fundamental gas laws based on the
properties of gases need to be considered.

The three laws are:

1. Boyle’s law
2. Charles’ law
3. Pascal’s law

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Boyle’s law
States that, at constant
temperature the volume
of a confined gas is
inversely proportional to
the pressure applied on
it.
If pressure increases the
volume will decrease
proportionally.

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Charles’ law
States that, at
constant pressure the
volume of a confined
gas is directly
proportional to the
temperature in it.

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Pascal’s law

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