Tools, theories, &

techniques
• Some appropriate business management tools, theories, and
techniques for the HL IA are listed below.
• Unit 1.3 - Ansoff matrix
• Unit 1.3 - SWOT analysis
• Unit 1.4 - Stakeholder analysis - including stakeholder conflict
management
• Unit 1.5 - STEEPLE analysis 
• Unit 1.6 - Economies of scale
• Unit 1.7 - Organizational planning tools (HL Only)
1.Fishbone diagram
2.Decision trees
3.Force field analysis
4.Gantt charts
• Unit 2.4 - Motivation theory
• Unit 3.2 - Costs and revenues
• Unit 3.4 - Final accounts - balance sheets and incomes statements ( 
profit and loss accounts)
• Unit 3.5 - Ratio analysis - profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
• Unit 3.7 - Cash flow forecasts
• Unit 3.8 - Investment appraisal - payback period, average rate of return, and net
present values (HL only)
• Unit 3.9 - Variance analysis (HL only)
• Unit 4.1 - Marketing strategies
• Unit 4.2 - Position maps (Perception mapping)
• Unit 4.3 - Sales forecasting (HL Only)
• Unit 4.4 - Market research - primary and secondary market
research techniques
• Unit 4.5 - Pricing strategies
• Unit 4.5 - Promotional mix
• Unit 4.5 - Product portfolio analysis and brand / product 
extension strategies
• Unit 5.1 - perations
management strategies & practices for sustainability 
• Unit 5.3 - Quality management - quality control and quality
assurance