Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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OUTCOMES
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WHY DO WE HAVE TO KNOW THOSE
HISTORICAL RETURNS
You are the fund manager showing your fund’s performance to a potential customer.
If you are free to calculate the average quarterly return, what is your number?
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An ETF: https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/fund/arkk
5.1 RATES OF RETURN (RECAP)
• Holding-Period Return (HPR)
• Rate of return over given investment period
1.1x1.25x0.8x1.2 = (1+rG)4 , rG =
• Quarter 0 1 2 3 4
Note: A risk premium is the return expected in excess of the risk-free rate 9
of return an investment. So it is like a kind of compensation for taking risk.
Money market instruments may have a risk premium like say 0.25%
SPREADSHEET 5.1 SCENARIO ANALYSIS FOR THE STOCK MARKET
When you are considering the price for acquiring, say a private firm in retail
industry, you may also apply scenario analysis to determine how the value of
the firm would be affected under different economic situations in order to
determine the fair price. 10
https://seekingalpha.com/article/4399110-3-scenarios-for-teslas-value
https://www.munich-business-school.de/insights/en/2016/tesla-ev-world-2020/
2024 EXPECTED VALUE PER SHARE FOR TSLA (REFERENCE)
ARK’s 2024
Predicted Price Significance
Scenarios Target
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https://ark-invest.com/articles/analyst-research/tesla-price-target/
5.2 RISK AND RISK PREMIUMS
• Apart from using scenario analysis, mean and
standard deviation can be also be estimated by
using time series of return (i.e. historical prices, you
download five-year stock data and calculate the
mean and standard deviations, want a
demonstration?)
• do you know how to do it?
• Which methods should be used? Which method is
better?
• Another method is using probability distribution
(coming slide) 12
FIGURE 5.1 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION WITH
MEAN RETURN 10% AND STANDARD
DEVIATION 20%
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How many observations are expected to deviate from the mean by three or more SDs?
Ans. 0.26 out of 100 or 26 out of 10000 observations
A brief account on Value at Risk (VaR)
A measure of downside risk, you may want to ask the
worst loss that your investment will suffer with a given
probability, say 5%. Your loss will be worse than this value
(the VaR) only 5% of the time. That is 95% of the time, it
will be better.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/var.asp
A BRIEF ACCOUNT ON VALUE AT RISK
(VAR)
You were responsible for risk management. Using in house built-in
software, you get 0.1% one day VaR of value $10 million. How
comfortable are you with the number you get?
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5.2 RISK AND RISK PREMIUMS
• VaR calculated before assume normality
• Real return may not be normal
• Deviation from Normality and Value at Risk
(VaR), we need to consider
• Kurtosis: Measure of fatness of tails of probability distribution;
indicates likelihood of extreme outcomes
• Zero for normal distribution
You just bought a stock, how frequent will you track its price movement
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Can you sleep well if the stock drop 5%/10%/20%?
Will you sell the stock if it dropped 5%/10%/20%/or more?
RISK AVERSION
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/riskaverse.asp
Can we quantify one’s degree of aversion?
We look at one’s willingness to trade off risk against
expected return.
• [E(rp) – rf ]/σp
If you form portfolio of Hang Seng Composite LargeCap Index, MidCap Index
and SmallCap Index. Which portfolio would have highest risk premium and
lowest risk?
That is , which one should have highest Sharpe ratio? If you are interested in the
subject, check it out.
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Note: http://www.hsi.com.hk/HSI-Net/HSI-Net
EXAMPLE
A risk-averse investor with a risk aversion of A = 3. Treasury
bills are paying a 1% rate of return. The investor should invest
entirely in a risky portfolio with a standard deviation of 20%
only if the risky portfolio's expected return is at least greater
than or equal to 13%
If you are more risk-averse, you will demand a higher return for
the same risk.
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http://analystnotes.com/graph/portfolio/SS12SBsubc1.gif
5.3 THE HISTORICAL RECORD
• World and U.S. Risky Stock and Bond Portfolios
• U.S. large stocks: Standard & Poor's 500 largest cap
• U.S. small stocks: Smallest 20% on NYSE, NASDAQ,
and Amex
• U.S. Treasury bonds: Barclay's Long-Term Treasury Bond
Index
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Fig 5.5 for text
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CAN WE CAPITALIZE THE HIGH INTEREST RATE
BECAUSE OF HIGH EXPECTATION ON INFLATION?
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5.5 ASSET ALLOCATION ACROSS
PORTFOLIOS
A simple way to control risk, we start with
1. Asset Allocation
• Portfolio choice among broad investment classes (stocks,
bonds, bills, commodities, real estate, rolex, bitcoin,
etc.). A little sidetrack, if it is wartime, what would you
want to get?
2. Complete Portfolio
• Entire portfolio, including risky and risk-free assets
3. Capital Allocation
• Choice between risky and risk-free assets
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5.5 ASSET ALLOCATION ACROSS
PORTFOLIOS
• The Risk-Free Asset
• Treasury bonds (still affected by inflation)
• Price-indexed government bonds, TIPS (like ibond
in H.K.), less affected by inflation
• Money market instruments effectively risk-free
• Risk of CDs and commercial paper is very small
compared to most assets
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5.5 ASSET ALLOCATION ACROSS
PORTFOLIOS
• How much you are going to allocate in risky assets depends
on your preference.
• Your complete portfolio expected return and risk will be:
E(rC) = yE(rp) + (1 − y)rf
σC = yσp + (1 − y) σrf
p: risky portfolio
y: proportion of investment budget in risky portfolio
rf: rate of return on risk-free asset
E(rp): expected rate of return of risky portfolio
σp, σc : standard deviation of risky, complete portfolio return
E(rC): expected return on complete portfolio 32
NOTE ON RISK PORTFOLIO P
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FIGURE 5.6 INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SET
You are given a risk-free asset (rf =7%) and a risky portfolio,
E(rp)=15%, what are your choices? What are the expected return
and standard deviation if you allocate 80% in risky portfolio?
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Sharpe ratio
5.5 ASSET ALLOCATION ACROSS
PORTFOLIOS
Think about this, when the price of risk of a risky portfolio matches
your degree of aversion, what would you do?
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Invest all your money in that portfolio, so y = 1
EXAMPLE OF LEVERED COMPLETE
PORTFOLIO
y= 450,000/300,000=1.5
1-y = -0.5 (a short position in risk-free asset ,i.e.
you borrow at, say risk free rate of 4%)
If a wealth management consultant told you that he can help you earn
a return of 12% a year with Sharpe ratio of 0.6 by investing in
US stocks, do you buy it? 39
5.6 Passive Strategies and the Capital Market Line
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