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ZOOMING IN
THE
ATOMIC WORLD
The Behavior
of an Atom
 ATOM
“considered to be
the smallest unit of
an element having
the properties of
that particular
element”
PARTICLE LOCATION UNIT SYMBOL MASS (G)
CHARGE

around 1- e 9.11 X 10
ELECTRON the -28
nucleus

PROTON nucleus 1+ p 1.67 X 10

-24

NEUTRON nucleus 0 n 1.67 X 10

-24
 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES AND COMPONENTS
1.) Nucleus  found at the center of the atom. It is also known
as the core of the atom. Ninety-nine percent of the mass of the
atom is located in its core. It contains the protons and the
neutrons. This was discovered by Ernest Rutherford.

2.) Proton  a positively charged subparticle found inside the

nucleus of the atom. They are all identical, regardless of the
element in which they are found. The mass of a proton is 1 amu.
It was discovered by Eugen Goldstein in 1886.
 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES AND COMPONENTS
3.) Neutron  are electrically neutral. They have no charge.
They are also found inside the nucleus. All neutrons are identical.
They are slightly more massive than protons, but their mass is
still considered as 1 amu like proton. Discovered by James
Chadwick in 1932.

4.) Electrons  they are particles that are rapidly revolving

around the nucleus and are negatively charged. Discovered by
J.J. Thomson. The chemical properties of elements depend on
the arrangement of the electrons of its atom, more specifically
those farthest from the nucleus.
RELATION OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES TO ELEMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
Sub-atomic particles  electrons, protons and neutrons
Element Characteristics  atomic mass and atomic number
A
E
Z
Atomic number (Z) = no. of protons(p+) = no. electrons
(e- )
Mass number (A) = atomic number (Z) + no. of
neutrons (N)
No. of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
Element name Element Atomic Atomic Protons Electrons Neutrons
Symbol Number Mass (p+) (e-) (n0)

26 56 26
Fe

7 3
Lithium

18 22
Argon

39 19 20
K

47 108
Ag
 Element name Eleme Atomic Atomic Protons Electrons Neutrons
nt Number Mass (p+) (e-) (n0)
Symbo
l

Iron 26 56 26 26 30
Fe

Li 3 7 3 3 4
Lithium

Ar 18 40 18 18 22
Argon

Potassium 19 39 19 19 20
K

Silver 47 108 47 47 61
Ag
PLEASE REMEMBER:
For a neutral atom, the number of protons is
exactly equal to the number of electrons. So
the number of electrons is the same as the
atomic number.
Atomic number (Z) = no. of protons(p+) =
no. electrons (e- )
IONS
any atom or group of atoms that bears one or
more positive or negative electrical charges.
Positively charged ions are called cations;
negatively charged ions, anions. Ions are
formed by the addition of electrons to, or the
removal of electrons from, neutral atoms. or
molecules or other ions; by combination of
ions with other particles; 
IONS
If the charge is positive(CATION) subtract that
number from the atomic number to get the
number of electrons.
If the charge is negative, add the amount of
charge to the atomic number to get the
number of electrons.
molecules or other ions; by combination of
ions with other particles; 
EXAMPLE
molecules
Element or other
Atomic Atomic ions;
Protons by combination
Electrons Neutrons of
Symbol Number Mass (p )
+ -
(e ) 0
(n )
ions with other particles; 
26 56 26 26 30
Fe

26 56 26 25 30
Fe+2

16 32 16 16 16
S

16 32 16 18 16
S-2
 THEIR NICHES:
Protons and Electrons are
electrically charged particle, and
the Neutron has no charge. The
proton is assigned as the smallest
unit of positive charge which is
opposite to the negative charge of
an electron. A proton repels other
protons and attracts electrons.
Knowing that protons repel one
another, the neutron seems to play
an important role in binding
together the positively charged
protons.
 With the discovery of the three
subatomic particles, some scientists
turned to investigate the behavior and
location of electrons inside the atom.
Danish physicist Niels Bohr developed
one of the first models of the atom
called the planetary model. He based
his model on the experimental data
obtained by Rutherford.
Bohr’s Model of an Atom
 Bohr went to explain that each of these orbits was
assigned a certain energy value so they were called
ENERGY LEVELS or ENERGY SHELLS. This energy value is
related to the electron’s motion around the nucleus, and is
described to be fixed or quantized.
The electrons in the orbit closest to the nucleus were at
the lowest possible energy level called the GROUND STATE
or GROUND LEVEL. The ground state is the most stable
energy state. The energy levels above the ground state are
called the EXCITED STATES or EXCITED LEVELS. As
electrons are found farther from the nucleus, they have
higher and higher energies.
 According to Bohr’s model of the atom, an electron that loses
energy falls to a lower energy level, closer to the nucleus. An
electron that gains energy moves to a higher energy level, farther
from the nucleus. The farther the electron is from the nucleus, the
less it is held and attracted to the protons in the nucleus.
The energy levels within an atom are labeled with numbers,
starting from the lowest energy level, the one closest to the
nucleus. As the number of the energy level increases, it is found
farther from the nucleus and contains electrons having greater and
greater energy. Each energy level can contain only a certain
maximum number of electrons.
I’m Learning!!
 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION/
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE
 
This is the distribution of electrons among orbitals of an
atom.
The electron configuration of an atom is represented by a
number, a letter, and superscript. The NUMBER corresponds
to the PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n), the LETTER
can be any of the different SUBLEVELS, and the
SUPERSCRIPT represents the number of ELECTRONS
occupying that atomic orbital or sublevel.

2s¹ (2 = Principal Quantum Number, n | s = Sublevel |¹ =

Number of Electrons)
In assigning electrons to the different atomic orbitals available
to determine an atom’s electron configuration, the following
rules need to be applied:

Electrons fill the lowest possible energy levels first. In other

words, each added electron is placed in an orbital of the
lowest energy level and sublevel available.
No more than two electrons can be placed in any orbital. To
hold two electrons, the electrons must be spinning in opposite
directions.
Electrons do not pair up in an orbital if another orbital is
available at the same energy sublevel. Electrons pair up only
when all orbitals of the same energy sublevel contain at least
one electron.
  AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
 the principle describes a hypothetical process in which the
electrons are imagined as entering the atomic orbitals one by
one. The process results in obtaining the electron
configuration of an atom in its ground state.
 
HUND’S RULE OF MULTIPLICITY  
it states that when electrons enter a sublevel containing more
than one orbital, they will spread out over the available
orbitals with their spins in the same direction before they pair
up with opposite spins.

PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE  

it states that there are no two electrons in the same atom
should have the same quantum number.
Sample:
Find the electronic configuration of the following
elements:

1.) Carbon = 6
2.) Sodium = 11
3.) Chlorine = 17

Answer:
1.) Carbon = 1s2 2s2 2p2

2.) Sodium = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

3.) Chlorine = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Do it yourself:
1.) Neon = 10

2.) Scandium = 21

Answer
1.) Neon = 1s2 2s2 2p6

2.) Scandium = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1

 A L
I T
B I ON
R
O AT
O T
N
Electronic Configuration of Fluorine
(Z=9)
Orbital Notation – the shorthand notation
showing the possible electrons in the orbitals of
an atom together with their electron spins. It
basically follows the Hund’s Rule.
Sample:
1.) Carbon = 1s2 2s2 2p2

2.) Chlorine = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Do it yourself:
1.) Neon = 10

2.) Scandium = 21

Answer
1.) Neon = 1s2 2s2 2p6

2.) Scandium = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1

 QUANTUM NUMBERS

1.) principal quantum number (n)

2.) angular quantum number (l)
3.) magnetic quantum number (ml)
4.) magnetic spin quantum number (ms)
1.) principal quantum number (n)
- equal to the energy level

2.) angular quantum number (l)

- equal to the subshell (numerical
value. (s=0, p=1, d=2 and f=3)

3.) magnetic quantum number (ml)

- equal to the specific orbital in a
given subshell.
4.) magnetic spin quantum number (ms)
- equal to the spin of the electrons.
(+1/2 or -1/2)

Please refer to the

blackboard for examples.