PEDAGOGICAL RETOOLING

IN MATHEMATICS

CRIS A. DAHUNAN
Resource Speaker
Operations on Integers and
Rational Numbers with
Mnemonics and Given-
Rule/s-Solution (GRS)
Approaches
Objectives:
At the end of the session, the participants will be able
to:
• Recall and perform the basic operations on
Integers and Rational Numbers using Mnemonics and
Given-Rule-Solution (GRS) Diagram Approaches
• Integrate operations on Integers and Rational
Numbers in other learning areas.
Introduction:
Mathematics is one of the important
subjects that plays essential roles in our daily
living. Concepts and skills in this learning
area are essential in our workplace,
particularly in dealing with our learners who
are experiencing Mathematical learning
difficulty.
 This type of learners must be given an
adequate attention not only by the Math
teachers but also by all mentors in other
learning areas. This can be done by equipping
ourselves the foundation of Mathematics, i. e.
the basic operations on integers and rational
numbers.
 Moreover, learnings from this session can
be also used in integrating Math concepts in
teaching literacy, TLE, Science, Social
Studies and other learning areas. Mnemonics
and Given-Rule-Solution diagram approaches
will be introduced in presenting the rules in
each operation.
Activity: Perform the indicated operation of the following:
1. (-8)+(-7)
2. -23 – (-9)
3. -7 – 8
4. (-34) + (6)
5. (-8)(-12)
6. (144) ÷ (-12)

7. 0.56 x 3.4
8. 8.5÷0.5
Activity: Perform the indicated operation of the following:
1. (-8)+(-7) = -15
2. -23 – (-9) = -14
3. -7 – 8 = -15
4. (-34) + (6) = -28
5. (-8)(-12) = 96
6. (144) ÷ (-12) = -12
7. =
8. =
9. 0.56 x 3.4 = 1.904
10. 8.5÷0.5 = 17
 ADDITION OF INTEGERS
General Rule:
LAUS (Like sign Add, Unlike sign Subtract)
Specific Rules:
• Add the integers with like signs and affix
the common sign as a sign of the answer.
• Subtract the integers with unlike signs and
copy the sign of the number with bigger
absolute value as a sign of the answer.
Examples:
1. (-45) + (-16)
Rule
LAUS Solution
Given Add the integers
with like signs and (-45) + (-16)
(-45) + (-16) affix the common = -61
sign as a sign of
the answer.
 2. (+20) + (+30)

Rule
LAUS Solution
Given Add the integers
(+20) + (+30)
(+20) + (+30) with like signs and
affix the common = 50
sign as a sign of
the answer.
 3. (-18) + (30)
Rule
LAUS
Subtract the
integers with Solution
Given unlike signs and
(-18) + (30) copy the sign of
(-18) + (30)
the number with = 12
bigger absolute
value as a sign of
the answer.
 4. (-56) + (12)
Rule
LAUS
Subtract the
integers with Solution
Given unlike signs and
(-56) + (12) copy the sign of
(-56) + (12)
the number with = -44
bigger absolute
value as a sign of
the answer.
 SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS
General Rules:
1. ChaSSPA (Change the Sign of the Subtrahend
and Proceed to Addition)
2. LAUS (Like sign Add, Unlike sign Subtract)
Specific Rules:
• Add the integers with like signs and affix the common
sign as sign of the answer.
• Subtract the integers with unlike signs and copy the
sign of the number with bigger absolute value as a sign
of the answer.
Examples:
1. (-85) - (-16)

Solution
Rules
Given (-85) - (-16)
ChaSSPA
(-85) - (-16) = -85 + (16)
and LAUS
= -69
2. -78 - 16

Solution
Rules
Given -78 - 16
ChaSSPA
-78 - 16 = -78 + (-16)
and LAUS = -94
 MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION OF
INTEGERS
General Rule:
LPUN (Like sign Positive, Unlike sign
Negative)
• When you multiply/divide integers with like
sign, the sign of the product/quotient is
positive.
• When you multiply/divide integers with
unlike sign, the sign of the product/quotient
Examples:
1.) (-7)(-9)
Given Rule Solution
(-7)(-9) LPUN (-7)(-9) = 63
2.) 8•17
Given Rule Solution
8•17 LPUN 8•17 = 136
 3.) (-5)(7)
Given Rule Solution
(-5)(7) LPUN (-5)(7) = -35

4.) (+448) ÷ (+8)

Given Rule Solution
(+448) ÷ (+8) LPUN (+448) ÷ (+8)
=8
 3.) 390 ÷ (-5)
Given Rule Solution
390 ÷ (-5) LPUN 390 ÷ (-5)
= -78
4.) (-48) ÷ (-8)
Given Rule Solution
(-48) ÷ (-8) LPUN (-48) ÷ (-8) =
6
 Addition of Multiplication
Integers of Integers
LAUS Rule LPUN Rule
Operation
s on
Integers
Subtraction of Division of
Integers Integers
ChaSSPA Rule LPUN Rule
RATIONAL NUMBERS are real numbers that
can be expressed in a form of ratio.
Rational numbers can be represented by a
decimal or fraction.

Examples:

0.5, 5/6, 3.56

 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL
NUMBERS

1. Addition/Subtraction of Similar Fractions

Rule:
Add/Subtract the numerators and copy the
common denominator.
Examples:
1.)

Rule
Subtract the
Given numerators
Solution
and copy the
common
denominator.
 2.)

Rule
Given
Add the
Solution
numerators
and copy the
common
denominator.
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL
NUMBERS

2. Addition/Subtraction of Dissimilar Fractions

Rules:
1. Transform the given fractions to similar
fractions by finding the LCD.
2. Add/subtract the numerators and copy
the common denominator.
 Finding the Least Common Denominator

• Method 1: Find the least common multiples of 7 and

3:
Multiples of 7: 7, 14, 21, 28
Multiples of 3: 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21
• Method 2: Multiply the denominators:
(7)(3) = 21
The LCD f 7 and 3 is 21.
 Examples: 1.)

Rules
Transform the given
Solution
Given fractions to similar
fractions by finding the =
LCD. LCD = 21
Add the numerators (21/7)(5)=15
and copy the common
denominator.
(21/3)(3) = 49
 2.)
Solution
Rules
Transform the given
Given fractions to similar LCD: 4
fractions by finding the Multiples of 2: 2, 4, 6
LCD. Multiples of 4: 4
Add the numerators (4/2)(3) = 6
and copy the common (4/4)(5) = 5
denominator.
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL
NUMBERS

3. Multiplication of Fractions
Rule:
Find the products of the numerators and
denominators.
 Example: Solution 1:

Find the GCF of 45 and 6:

45 = (1x45), (3x15), (9x5)
Given 6 = (1x6), (3x2)
Rule
Solution 2: Regrouping
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL
NUMBERS

3. Division of Fractions
Rule:
Find the Reciprocal of the Divisor and Proceed to
Multiplication. (FReDiProMu)
 Example:

Solution:
Given Rule
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS

4. Addition and Subtraction of Decimals

Rules:
1. Align the decimal point of the given.
2. Add/subtract just like the process in adding
and subtracting whole numbers.
3. The decimal point of the answer should be
aligned to the decimal points of the given.
 Examples:
1.)
Solution:
Rules
Given
The decimal point of the
answer should be aligned
to the decimal points of
the given.
 2.)

Solution:
Given
Rules
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL
NUMBERS
4. Multiplication of Decimals
Rules:
1. Multiply the given just like the process in
multiplying whole numbers.
2. Count the number of decimal places of both the
multiplier and multiplicand.
3. Move the decimal point from right to left. The
number of moves will depend from the sum of the
number of decimal places in the given.
 Example:
Rules
1. Multiply the given just like
the process in multiplying Solution:
whole numbers.
2. Count the number of
decimal places of both the
x
Given multiplier and
multiplicand.
3. Move the decimal point
2.6144
from right to left. The
number of moves will
depend from the sum of the
number of decimal places in
the given.
 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL
NUMBERS
5. Division of Decimals
Rules:
1. Transform the given decimals to whole numbers by
moving its decimal points. The number of moves to
both dividend and divisor should be the same.
2. Find the quotient by following the process of
dividing whole numbers.
 Example:
Rules
1. Transform the given
decimals to whole
numbers by moving its
decimal points. The Solution:
Given number of moves to both
dividend and divisor
should be the same.
2. Find the quotient by
following the process of
dividing whole numbers.
 Mnemonics enhance memory (Levin, 1993).

 Mnemonic and prior knowledge instructional

strategies were more effective at improving the
students’ achievement in Mathematics (Akinsola &
Odeyemi, 2014).
GRS (Given-Rule/s-Solution) Diagram is a teaching
approach in Mathematics developed by Cris Dahunan
useful in presenting the concepts of basic operations on
integers and rational numbers. In this strategy, a type
of given must be determined first in order to decide
what rule/s to be used before computing the solution to
arrive a correct answer.
Application:

1. What is the result of borrowing 20 then paying 8?

2. What is the 5/6 of 7/8?

Final Output:
Choose a topic from a learning area that
you are teaching and make an activity
integrating the concepts of basic
operations on Integers and Rational
Numbers. Kindly follow the given format.
 School Heading
Name of a Learner: __________ Grade Level & Section: _________
Name of a Teacher: __________ Learning Area: ________________

(TITLE OF AN ACTIVITY)
Present the description or procedures of the activity.

Prepared: (Name of a Participant)

“Mathematics is like an oxygen, we
cannot live without it.”
CRIS A. DAHUNAN