Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding

Chapter 1
Introduction to Routing and

Packet Forwarding
CIS 82 Routing Protocols and Concepts
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@cabrillo.edu
Last Updated: 2/16/2009

This Presentation
 For detailed information see the notes section within this

PowerPoint.
 This presentation is based on the Exploration course/book, Routing
Protocols and Concepts.
 For a copy of this presentation and access to my web site for other
CCNA, CCNP, and Wireless resources please email me for a
username and password.
 Email: graziani@cabrillo.edu
 Web Site: www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani
2
Note
 This chapter contains mostly introductory material.
 Most of not all of this information will be explained in more detail
in later chapters or later courses.
 The bootup process and the IOS are examined in a later
course.
 Do not worry or focus too much on the details for now.
 This will all be examined and explained in the following chapters.
3
For further information
 This presentation is an
overview of what is
covered in the
curriculum/book.
 For further explanation
and details, please read
the chapter/curriculum.
 Book:
 Routing Protocols
and Concepts
 By Rick Graziani and
Allan Johnson
 ISBN: 1-58713-206-0
 ISBN-13: 978-58713-
206-3
4
Topics  CLI Configuration and
Addressing
 Inside the Router  Implementing Basic
 Routers are computers Addressing Schemes
 Router CPU and Memory  Basic Router
 Internetwork Operating
Configuration
System
 Router Bootup Process  Building the Routing Table
 Router Ports and Interfaces  Introducing the Routing
 Routers and the Network Table
Layer  Directly Connected
 Path Determination and Networks
Switching Function
 Packet Fields and Frame  Static Routing
Formats  Dynamic Routing
 Best Path and Metrics  Routing Table Principles
 Equal Cost Load Balancing
 Path Determination
 Switching Function
5
Inside the Router
 Routers are computers
 Router CPU and Memory
 Internetwork Operating System
 Router Bootup Process
 Router Ports and Interfaces
 Routers and the Network Layer
Routers are Computers
Leonard Kleinrock and the first IMP.
 A router is a computer:
 CPU, RAM, ROM, Operating System
 The first router: used for the Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET):
 IMP (Interface Message Processor)
 Honeywell 516 minicomputer that brought the ARPANET to life
on August 30, 1969. 7
 Routers forwarding packets (packet switching):
 From the original source to the final destination.
 Selects best path based on destination IP address
 A router connects multiple networks:
 Interfaces on different IP networks
8
 Router interfaces:
 LAN
 WAN
9
Routers Determine the Best Path
 The router’s primary responsibility:

 Determining the best path
 Forwarding packets toward their destination
10
Routers Determine the Best Path
IP Packet enters router’s Ethernet interface.

Router examines the packet’s destination IP address.
Router searches for a best match between packet’s destination IP address and
network address in routing table.
Using the exit-interface in the route, the packet is forwarded to the next router or
the final destination.
 Routing table
 Determines best path.
 Best match between destination IP address and network
11
address in routing table
Router
CPU and
Memory
 CPU - Executes operating system instructions

 Random access memory (RAM)
 running copy of configuration file
 routing table
 ARP cache
 Read-only memory (ROM)
 Diagnostic software used when router is powered up.
 Router’s bootstrap program
 Scaled down version of operating system IOS
 Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM)
 Stores startup configuration. (including IP addresses, Routing protocol)
 Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS)
 Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are used to connect
network. Examples of interface types:
 Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces
 Serial interfaces
12
 Management interfaces
Router physical characteristics
13
Cisco IOS - Internetwork
Operating System
 Responsible for managing the hardware and software resources:

 Allocating memory
 Managing processes
 Security
 Managing file systems
 Many different IOS images.
 An IOS image is a file that contains the entire IOS for that router.
 Router model
 IOS features
 Example IPv6 or a routing protocol such as Intermediate System–
to–Intermediate System (IS-IS). 14
Router Bootup Process (more in later course)
15
Bootup Process
running-config startup-config IOS Bootup program

IOS (running) ios (partial)
16
Where is the permanent configuration file stored used during boot-up? NVRAM
Where is the diagnostics software stored executed by hardware modules? ROM
Where is the backup (partial) copy of the IOS stored? ROM
Where is IOS permanently stored before it is copied into RAM? FLASH
Where are the bootsystem commands stored which are used to locate NVRAM
the IOS?

17
?

18
startup-config running-config Bootup program
IOS ios (partial) IOS (running)

19
Router Boot Process –
Details (later)
1. ROM
1. POST
2. Bootstrap code executed
3. Check Configuration Register value (NVRAM)
0 = ROM Monitor mode
1 = ROM IOS
2 - 15 = startup-config in NVRAM
2. Check for IOS boot system commands in startup-config file (NVRAM)

If boot system commands in startup-config
a. Run boot system commands in order they appear in startup-config to locate the IOS
b If boot system commands fail, use default fallback sequence to locate the IOS (Flash, TFTP, ROM)
3. Locate and load IOS, Default fallback sequence: No IOS boot system commands in startup-config
a. Flash (sequential)
b. TFTP server (netboot) - The router uses the configuration register value to form a filename from
which to boot a default system image stored on a network server.
c. ROM (partial IOS) or keep retrying TFTP depending upon router model
- If no IOS located, get partial IOS version from ROM
4. Locate and load startup-config configuration

a. If startup-config found, copy to running-config
b. If startup-config not found, prompt for setup-mode
c. If setup-mode bypassed, create a “skeleton” default running-config (no startup-config)
20
Verify the router boot-up process
 show version command is used to view information about the
router during the bootup process (later).
21
Ports and Interfaces
 Port - normally means one of the management ports used for

administrative access
 Interface normally refers to interfaces that are capable of sending
and receiving user traffic.
 Note: However, these terms are often used interchangeably in the
industry and even with IOS output. 22
Management
Ports
Console port
 Terminal
 PC running terminal emulator software
 No need for network access
 Used for initial configuration
Auxiliary (AUX) port

 Not all routers have auxiliary ports.
 At times, can be used similarly to a console port
 Can also be used to attach a modem.
 Note: Auxiliary ports will not be used in this curriculum. 23
Router Interfaces
 Interfaces - Receive and forward packets.

 Various types of networks
 Different types of media and connectors.
 Different types of interfaces.
 Fast Ethernet interfaces - LANs
 Serial interfaces - WAN connections including T1, DSL, and ISDN 24
Router Interfaces FastEthernet 0/0
MAC: 0c00-41cc-ae12
10.1.0.1/16
FastEthernet 0/0
MAC: 0c00-3a44-190a
192.168.1.1/24
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/1

172.16.1.1/24 172.16.1.2/24
 Router Interface:
 Different network
 IP address and subnet mask of that network
 Cisco IOS will not allow two active interfaces on the same
router to belong to the same network. 25
LAN Interfaces
 Ethernet and Fast Ethernet interfaces

 Connects the router to the LAN
 Layer 2 MAC address
 Participates in the Ethernet
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):
 Maintains ARP cache for that interface
 Sends ARP requests when needed
 Responds with ARP replies when required
 Typically an RJ-45 jack (UTP).
 Router to switch: straight-through cable
 Router to router: crossover cable
26
WAN Interfaces
 Point-to-Point, ISDN, and Frame Relay interfaces

 Connects routers to external networks.
 The Layer 2 encapsulation can be different types including:
 PPP
 Frame Relay
 HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control).
 Note: MAC addresses are used only on Ethernet interfaces and are
not on WAN interfaces.
 Layer 2 WAN encapsulation types and addresses are covered in a
later course.
27
Routers at
the
Network
Layer
 Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding

decision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IP
packet (destination IP address).
 This is known as routing.
28
Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2, and 3
29
Path Determination and
Switching Functions
 Packet Fields and Frame Formats
 Best Path and Metrics
 Equal Cost Load Balancing
 Path Determination
 Switching Function
Path Determination and Switching Functions
 The following sections focus on exactly what happens to data as it
moves from source to destination.
 Review the packet and frame field specifications
 Discuss in detail how the frame fields change from hop to hop,
whereas the packet fields remain unchanged
31
Ethernet Frame IPv4 (Internet
Protocol)
 Layer 2 addresses:
 Interface-to-Interface on the same network.
 Changes as packet is decapsulated and encapsulated from
network to network
 Layer 3 addresses:
 Original source layer 3 address (IP)
 Final destination layer 3 address (IP)
 Does not change (except with NAT, but this is not a concern of
IP but an internal network process) 32
Best Path
 Router’s best-path to a network:

 optimum or “shortest” path
 Routing protocol dependent
 Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics.
 A metric is the quantitative value used to measure the distance to a
given route.
 The best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric.
 Example, a router will prefer a path that is one hop away over a path
that is two hops away.
33
Best Path
1.5 Mbps
1.5 Mbps
 Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocols: RIP and OSPF

 RIP uses hop count
 R1 to R3
 Fewer links but much slower
 OSPF uses bandwidth
 R1 to R2 to R3
 More routers but much faster links
34
To reach the 192.168.1.0/24
network it is 2 hops via R2 and 2
hops via R4.
Equal Cost ?
Load ?
Balancing
192.168.1.0/24
What happens if a routing table has two or

more paths with the same metric to the same
destination network? (equal-cost metric)
Router will perform equal-cost load balancing.
35
T1
Equal-Cost Paths
Versus Unequal- T3
Cost Paths
192.168.1.0/24
Can a router use multiple paths if the paths

(cost, metric) to reach the destination
network are not equal?
Yes, if the routers are using the EIGRP routing

protocol which supports unequal cost load
balancing.
36
Path Forwarding
 Packet forwarding involves two functions:

 Path determination function
 Switching function
37
Path Forwarding Router receives packet.
Destination IP address matches a network on one
of its directly connected networks.
Packet is forwarded out
that network.
Directly connected
network
 Path determination function is the process of how the router determines

which path to use when forwarding a packet.
 To determine the best path, the router searches its routing table for a
network address that matches the packet’s destination IP address.
 One of three path determinations results from this search:
 Directly connected network
 Remote network
 No route determined 38
Destination IP address matches a remote network
which can only be reached via another router.
Packet is forwarded out that
network to the next-hop router.
Remote
network
 Path determination function is the process of how the router determines

network address that matches the packet’s destination IP address.
 One of three path determinations results from this search:
 Remote network
Destination IP address does NOT match any
network in the router’s routing table.
Packet is dropped.
No route
determined
Does
 Paththis mean the network does not
determination function is the process of how the router determines
exist?
No, only address
network that thethatrouter
matchesdoes not know
the packet’s destination IP address.
about
One ofthat
threenetwork. (later) results from this search:
path determinations
 Remote network
Path Forwarding
 Switching function is the process used by a router to:

 Accept a packet on one interface and
 Forward it out another interface
 A key responsibility of the switching function is to encapsulate
packets in the appropriate data-link frame type for the outgoing data
link. 41
192.168.4.10
Path
Forwarding
192.168.1.10
Layer 2 Data Link Frame Layer 3 IP Packet

Dest. MAC Source MAC Type Dest. IP Source IP IP Data Trailer
0B-31
00-10 00-20
0A-10 800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
What does a router do with a packet received from one network and destined for another
network?
1. Decapsulates the Layer 3 packet by removing the Layer 2 frame header and trailer
2. Examines the destination IP address of the IP packet to find the best path in the
routing table
3. Encapsulates the Layer 3 packet into a new Layer 2 frame and forwards the frame
out the exit interface 42
Remember: Encapsulation
These addresses
do not change!
These change from Layer 3 IP Packet

host to router, router to Destination IP Source IP Other IP Data
router, and router to Address Address fields
host.
Layer 2 Data Link Frame
Destination Source Type Data Trailer
Address Address
Current Data Link

Address of Host or
Next hop Data
Router’s exit interface
Link Address of
Host or Router’s
interface
 Now, let’s do an example…
43
Dest.
Dest.Add
MAC
MAC Source Add
MAC Type Dest. IP Source IP IP Data Trailer
0B-31
FF-FF
00-10 0A-10
00-20 800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
 This is just a summary.

 The details will be shown next!
 Now for the details…
44
00-10 0A-10 800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
From Host X to Router RTA

 Host X begins by encapsulating the IP packet into a data link frame (in this
case Ethernet) with RTA’s Ethernet 0 interface’s MAC address as the data
link destination address.
 How does Host X know to forward to packet to RTA and not directly to Host
Y?
 IP Source and IP Destination Addresses are on different networks
 How does Host X know or get RTA’s Ethernet address?
 Checks ARP Table for Default Gateway IP Address and associated
MAC Address.
 What if it there is not an entry in the ARP Table?
 Host X sends an ARP Request and RTA sends an ARP Reply
45
Dest. MAC Source
Source MAC
MAC Type
Type Dest. IP Source IP IP Data Trailer
Trailer
0B-31
00-10 00-20
0A-10 800
800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
RTA Routing Table

RTA ARP Cache Network Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface
IP Address MAC Address 192.168.1.0/24 0 Dir.Conn. e0
192.168.2.2 0B-31 192.168.2.0/24 0 Dir.Conn e1
192.168.3.0/24 1 192.168.2.2 e1
192.168.4.0/24 2 192.168.2.2 e1
RTA
1. RTA examines Destination MAC address, which matches the E0 MAC address, so it copies in the
frame.
2. RTA sees the Type field is 0x800, IP packet in the data field, a packet which needs to be routed.
3. RTA strips off the Ethernet frame.
RTA looks up the Destination IP Address in its routing table.
 192.168.4.0/24 has next-hop-ip address of 192.168.2.2 and an exit-interface of e1.
 Since the exit interface is on an Ethernet network, RTA must resolve the next-hop-ip address with a
destination MAC address.
4. RTA looks up the next-hop-ip address of 192.168.2.2 in its ARP cache.
 If the entry was not in the ARP cache, the RTA would need to send an ARP request out e1. RTB
would send back an ARP reply, so RTA can update its ARP cache with an entry for 192.168.2.2. 5.
Packet is encapsulated into a new data link (Ethernet) frame.
46
Dest. MAC
Add Source MAC
Add Type Dest. IP Source IP IP Data Trailer
FF-FF
0B-31 00-20 800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
RTB Routing Table

Network Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface
192.168.1.0/24 1 192.168.2.1 e0
192.168.2.0/24 0 Dir.Conn e0
192.168.3.0/24 0 Dir.Conn s0
192.168.4.0/24 1 192.168.3.2 s0
RTB
1. RTB examines Destination MAC address, which matches the E0 MAC address, and copies in the frame.
2. RTB sees Type field, 0x800, IP packet in the data field, a packet which needs to be routed.
3. RTB strips off the Ethernet frame.
RTB looks up the Destination IP Address in its routing table.
 192.168.4.0/24 has next-hop-ip address of 192.168.3.2 and an exit-interface of Serial0.
 Since the exit interface is not an Ethernet network, RTB does not have to resolve the next-hop-ip address
with a destination MAC address.
 When the interface is a point-to-point serial connection, (like a pipe), RTB encapsulates the IP packet into
the proper data link frame, using the proper serial encapsulation (HDLC, PPP, etc.).
 The data link destination address is set to a broadcast (there’s only one other end of the pipe).
5. Packet is encapsulated into a new data link (serial, PPP) frame and sent out the link.
47
Dest.
Dest.Add
MAC Source
SourceAdd
MAC Type
Type Dest. IP Source IP IP Data Trailer
FF-FF
0B-20 0C-22 800
800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
RTC Routing Table

RTC ARP Cache Network Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface
IP Address MAC Address 192.168.1.0/24 2 192.168.3.1 s0
192.168.4.10 0B-20 192.168.2.0/24 1 192.168.3.1 s0
192.168.3.0/24 0 Dir.Conn s0
192.168.4.0/24 0 Dir.Conn e0
RTC
1. RTC copies in the data link (serial, PPP) frame.
2. RTC sees the Type field is 0x800, IP packet in the data field, a packet which needs to be routed.
3. RTC strips off the data link, serial, frame.
RTC looks up the Destination IP Address in its routing table.
 RTC realizes that this Destination IP Address is on the same network as one of its interfaces and it can sent the packet
directly to the destination and not another router.
 Since the exit interface is on an directly connected Ethernet network, RTC must resolve the destination ip address
with a destination MAC address.
2. RTC looks up the destination ip address of 192.168.4.10 in its ARP cache.
 If the entry was not in the ARP cache, the RTC would need to send an ARP request out e0. Host Y would send back
an ARP reply, so RTC can update its ARP cache with an entry for 192.168.4.10.
5. Packet is encapsulated into a new data link (Ethernet) frame and sent out the interface.
48
0B-20 0C-22 800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
Host Y
Layer 2: Data Link Frame

1. Host Y examines Destination MAC address, which matches its Ethernet interface MAC address, and
copies in the frame.
2. Host Y sees the Type field is 0x800, IP packet in the data field, which needs to be sent to its IP
process.
3. Host Y strips off the data link, Ethernet, frame and sends it to its IP process.
Layer 3: IP Packet
4. Host Y’s IP process examines the Destination IP Address to make sure it matches its own IP
Address..
 If it does not, the packet will be dropped.
5. The packet’s protocol field is examined to see where to send the data portion of this IP packet: TCP,
UDP or other?
Layer 4: TCP, UDP or other?
49
Dest.
Dest.Add
MAC
MAC Source Add
MAC Type Dest. IP Source IP IP Data Trailer
0B-31
FF-FF
00-10 0A-10
00-20 800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
 The summary once again!
50
CLI Configuration and
Addressing
 Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes
 Basic Router Configuration
Learning IOS: Lab 1.5.2 (Cabrillo College Version)
52
Networking Lab NetLab Packet Tracer
Establishing a HyperTerminal session (next week)
Router
Console port
Terminal or a
PC with
Rollover cable
terminal
emulation
software
Com1 or Com2 serial port
Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router:
 Connect the terminal using the RJ-45 to RJ-45 rollover cable and an RJ-45 to DB-9 or
RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter.
 Configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600 baud, 8 data bits,
no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.
53
Establishing a Terminal session
 Tera Term
 HyperTerminal (comes with Windows)
 Putty
 Important: A console connection is not the same as a network

connection!
54
When do you need to use a console connection to the router?
When there is not a network connection to the router (can’t use telnet).
What software do you need? Tera Term, HyperTerminal, Putty, etc.
What cable and ports do you use? PC: Serial port & Router: Console Port
Rollover or Console Cable
Terminal Connection
No network connection needed Console Port
Serial
55
C:\> ping
C:\> telnet
Ethernet Connection
Network connection needed
NIC
When can you use a network connection to
the router? When there is a network connection to the
router (telnet).
What software/command do you need? TCP/IP, Terminal prompt (DOS),
Tera Term, etc.
What cable and ports do you use? PC & Router: Ethernet NIC
Ethernet straight-through cable
When should you not use a network When the change may
56
connection to configure the router? disconnect the telnet connection.
C:\> ping
C:\> telnet
Ethernet Connection
Network connection needed
NIC Terminal Connection

No network connection needed Console Port
Serial
57
NetLab
58
NetLab
Basic Router
Pod
59
Your Interfaces may differ
R1# show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status
Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.1.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0 192.168.2.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/1 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet 0 = FastEthernet 0/0

FastEthernet 1 = FastEthernet 0/1 = FastEthernet 1/0
Serial 0 = Serial 0/0 = Serial 0/0/0

Serial 1 = Serial 0/1 = Serial 0/0/1
60
Learning IOS: Lab 1.5.2 (Cabrillo College Version)
61
Command Overview (partial list from lab)
Router> user mode
Router> enable
Router# privilege mode
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# exit
Router# config t
Router(config)# hostname name
Router(config)# enable secret password privilege password
Router(config)# line console 0 console password
Router(config-line)# password password
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config)# line vty 0 4 telnet password
Router(config-line)# password password
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config)# banner motd # message # banner
Router(config)# interface type number configure
interface
Router(config-if)# ip address address mask
Router(config-if)# description description
62
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
Other Commands
Router# copy running-config startup-config
Router# show running-config
Router# show ip route
Router# show ip interface brief
Router# show interfaces
63
Different Modes
Router# hostname R1
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# hostname R1
R1(config)#
 IOS commands must be entered in the correct mode.

64
Serial Connectors
Smart “Older”
Serial Serial
 2500 have the “older,” larger serial interfaces

 Later Cisco routers use the smart serial interfaces which allows
more data to be forwarded across fewer cable pins.
65
Serial Connectors
DCE Cable
DTE Cable
 Router is typically a DTE device.
 The DTE cable is connected to the serial interface on the router to a
CSU/DSU device (DCE).
66
WAN Interface Configuration
R1(config)# interface Serial0/0
R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# description Link to R2
R1(config-if)# clock rate 64000 DCE Only
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
67
Unsolicited Messages from IOS
R1(config)# interface fastethernet0/0
R1(config-if)# descri
*Mar 1 01:16:08.212: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 01:16:09.214: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on
Interface
FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upption
R1(config-if)#
 The IOS often sends unsolicited messages
 Does not affect the command
 Can cause you to lose your place when typing.
68
Unsolicited Messages from IOS
R1(config)# line console 0
R1(config-line)# logging synchronous
R1(config-if)# descri
*Mar 1 01:28:04.242: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
*Mar 1 01:28:05.243: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on
Interface
R1(config-if)# description
 To keep the unsolicited output separate from your input, enter line
configuration mode for the console port and add the logging
synchronous
69
LAN Interface Configuration
R1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
R1(config-if)# description R1 LAN
Fa0/1
70
Each Interface Belongs to a Different Network
R1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1
192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0
192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0
FastEthernet0/1: incorrect IP address assignment
Fa0/1
192.168.1.1/24
192.168.1.2/24
Same Network!
71
Each Interface Belongs to a Different Network
R1# show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status
Protocol
Serial0/0 192.168.2.1 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 192.168.1.2 YES manual administratively
down down
Serial0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively
down down
Fa0/1
72
Verifying Interfaces
R1# show interfaces
<some interfaces not shown>
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is Lance, address is 0007.eca7.1511 (bia 00e0.f7e4.e47e)
Description: R1 LAN
Internet address is 192.168.1.1/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00,
Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:05, output hang never
Last clearing of “show interface” counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue :0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
<output omitted>
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is HD64570
Description: Link to R2
Internet address is 192.168.2.1/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
Last input never, output never, output hang never
73
<output omitted>
Verify Router Configuration
R1# show running-config
!
version 12.3
!
hostname R1
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
description R1 LAN Note: shutdown is the
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
! default. no shutdown does
interface Serial0/0 not show in the configuration.
description Link to R2
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
clock rate 64000
!
banner motd ^C
******************************************
WARNING!! Unauthorized Access Prohibited!!
******************************************
^C
!
line con 0
password cisco
login
line vty 0 4
password cisco
login
!
end
74
Save Configuration
R1# copy running-config startup-config
R1# show startup-config
Using 728 bytes
!
version 12.3
!
hostname R1
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
description R1 LAN
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0
description Link to R2
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
clock rate 64000
!
banner motd ^C
******************************************
WARNING!! Unauthorized Access Prohibited!!
******************************************
^C
line con 0
password cisco
login
line vty 0 4
password cisco
login
!
end 75
Building the Routing Table
 Introducing the Routing Table

 Directly Connected Networks

Show Routing Table
R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
77
Introducing the Routing Table
R1# show ip route

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set

 Routing table is a data file in RAM that is used to store route

information about:
 Directly connected networks
 Remote networks
78
R1# show ip route
<output omitted>

Exit Interfaces
 Directly connected interfaces contain the exit interface (more later)
79
R1# show ip route
<output omitted>

Directly Connected
Networks
 directly connected network is a network that is directly attached to one of

the router interfaces.
 When a router’s interface is configured with an IP address and subnet
mask, the interface becomes a host on that attached network.
 Active directly connected networks are added to the routing table. 80
R1# show ip route
<output omitted>

Remote Network
 A remote network is a network that is not directly connected to the

router.
 A remote network is a network that can only be reached by sending
the packet to another router.
 Remote networks are added to the routing table using: (later)
 Dynamic routing protocol
 Static routes
81
Chapter 1
Introduction to Routing and
Packet Forwarding
CIS 82 Routing Protocols and Concepts
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@cabrillo.edu

Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

Introduction to Routing and

Last Updated: 2/16/2009

 For detailed information see the notes section within this

Leonard Kleinrock and the first IMP.

 The router’s primary responsibility:

IP Packet enters router’s Ethernet interface.

 CPU - Executes operating system instructions

 Responsible for managing the hardware and software resources:

running-config startup-config IOS Bootup program

running-config startup-config IOS Bootup program

running-config startup-config IOS Bootup program

IOS ios (partial) IOS (running)

running-config startup-config IOS Bootup program

2. Check for IOS boot system commands in startup-config file (NVRAM)

4. Locate and load startup-config configuration

 Port - normally means one of the management ports used for

Auxiliary (AUX) port

 Interfaces - Receive and forward packets.

Serial 0/0 Serial 0/1

 Ethernet and Fast Ethernet interfaces

 Point-to-Point, ISDN, and Frame Relay interfaces

 Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding

 Router’s best-path to a network:

 Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocols: RIP and OSPF

What happens if a routing table has two or

Can a router use multiple paths if the paths

Yes, if the routers are using the EIGRP routing

 Packet forwarding involves two functions:

 Path determination function is the process of how the router determines

 Path determination function is the process of how the router determines

 Switching function is the process used by a router to:

Layer 2 Data Link Frame Layer 3 IP Packet

These change from Layer 3 IP Packet

Current Data Link

 Now, let’s do an example…

 This is just a summary.

From Host X to Router RTA

RTA Routing Table

RTB Routing Table

RTC Routing Table

Layer 2: Data Link Frame

Layer 4: TCP, UDP or other?

 The summary once again!

Com1 or Com2 serial port

 Important: A console connection is not the same as a network

What software do you need? Tera Term, HyperTerminal, Putty, etc.

NIC Terminal Connection

FastEthernet 0 = FastEthernet 0/0

Serial 0 = Serial 0/0 = Serial 0/0/0

 IOS commands must be entered in the correct mode.

 2500 have the “older,” larger serial interfaces

 Introducing the Routing Table

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

 Routing table is a data file in RAM that is used to store route

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

 Directly connected interfaces contain the exit interface (more later)

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0