Determiningtruthfinal 1

TU D Y O F PH IL OS OP HY.
A
ES
“TRUTH IS CENTRAL IN TH H Y
T H IS T HE R EA SO N W
PERSON’S QUEST FOR TRU
PHILOSOPHY EXISTS.”
D ET E R M I NING T R U TH
TRUTH, FACT, OPINION Many teachers detest the student for
his/her slackness- absences in class, missing
projects, and constant failures in exams. It is a
fact that this particular student is indeed slack,
for many evidences support the allegation.
Although oftentimes used HOWEVER, IN A SENSE, THIS CANNOT ALSO BE
synonymously, the terms fact and THE TRUTH. The said student could be
truth for many philosophers are experiencing challenges at home; difficulties in
different. coping with the class; or having personality
disorders which make him/her delinquent in
• FACT is a piece of information having objective reality which is school.
acknowledge by the greater whole.
THE FACT THAT THE STUDENT IS A SLACK MAY OR
• TRUTH is a proposition believed to be the absolute reality. MAY NOT BE THE TRUTH AT ALL.
TRUTH, FACT, OPINION Many teachers detest the student for
his/her slackness- absences in class, missing
projects, and constant failures in exams. It is a
fact that this particular student is indeed slack,
for many evidences support the allegation.
Although oftentimes used HOWEVER, IN A SENSE, THIS CANNOT ALSO BE
synonymously, the terms fact and THE TRUTH. The said student could be
truth for many philosophers are experiencing challenges at home; difficulties in
different. coping with the class; or having personality
disorders which make him/her delinquent in
• FACT is a piece of information having objective reality which is school.
acknowledge by the greater whole.
THE FACT THAT THE STUDENT IS A SLACK MAY OR
• TRUTH is a proposition believed to be the absolute reality. MAY NOT BE THE TRUTH AT ALL.
is a judgment based on personal convictions, which

may or may not be factual, truthful, or false.
I ES OF TRU T H
TH E O R
“Since truth is a vague concept, philosophers formulated several theories to understand truth:
• The Correspondence Theory THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY

Example
s:
• The Coherence Theory - the most popular theory which states that the  The
proposi
truth of a proposition is determined by its fly” is tr tion “bir
ue beca ds can
• The Pragmatic Theory relationship (correspondence) to the way reality, b use
irds can in
things actually are in the world. really fl
 The y.
proposi
- states that something is true if it corresponds bark,” is ti o n “ c a
false be ts can
cats do ca
to reality or actual state of affairs. not bark use
do. ; only do
gs
- truth therefore, corresponds to facts; hence,
truth is absolute.
I ES OF TRU T H
TH E O R
• The Correspondence Theory THE COHERENCE THEORY
• The Coherence Theory - contends that a proposition is true if it is Example

:
consistent with a system of other propositions  The
proposi
• The Pragmatic Theory considered true. unclean tion “pig
animals s are
the Mus ’ is true
l i m co m to
- the truthfulness of a person’s judgment is howeve munity
r , s u ch t
based on his/her statements coherence to a shared b ruth is n
y the Ch ot
certain set of established beliefs. ristians
.
- this idealist theory of truth puts premium to
the culture of a person and his/her set of
beliefs as imposed by the society.
I ES OF TRU T H
TH E O R
• The Correspondence Theory THE PRAGMATIC THEORY
• The Coherence Theory - holds that a proposition is true if it is useful.

Example
:
 The
• The Pragmatic Theory - contends that judgment must be continually belief in
prayer i the po
verified and validated by having close s said to wer of
it is nee be
encounter and interaction with the world. ded for o true as
salvatio ne’ s
n.
- in order to know the truth, a person must
engage oneself with something that would
give him/her the benefit or the highest form of
success.
THE PRAGMATIC THEORY
• INVESTMENT IN KAPA, REGIN, AND ALMAMICO MAKES PEOPLE RICH.

THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
• SQUARE HAVE FOUR ANGLES.

THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
• ALAMADA IS LOCATED IN REGION XII.

THE COHERENCE THEORY
• FILIPINOS BELIEVE THAT MARCOS IS A DICTATOR. MEANWHILE, CHINESE CONTENDED THAT MARCOS IS A
HERO.
FALLA C I E S
“Aside from the truth theories presented, there are other means by which a person can
determine truth. One is by looking into fallacies (error in reasoning) in argument.”
INFORMAL FALLACIES
FORMAL FALLACIES
 detectable by an examination of the content of the argument itself.
 Argument against the man
 detectable by an examination of the
 Appeal to force
FORM of argument.
 Appeal to emotion
 Appeal to the popular
 also known as Traditional and Symbolic
 Appeal to tradition
Logic:
 Begging the question
 8 Rules of Syllogism
 Cause-and-effect
 The Square of Opposition
 Fallacy of composition
 Fallacy of division
 Fallacy of equivocation
FALLA C I E S
8 RULES OF SYLLOGISM
FORMAL FALLACIES
 a syllogism is an argument arranged in a specific manner in such a
 detectable by an examination of the way that it contains a major premise, minor premise, and a
FORM of argument. conclusion.
 also known as Traditional and Symbolic Example:

Logic: All men are mortal.
 8 Rules of Syllogism Socrates is a man.
 The Square of Opposition Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
All men a
re mortal
I E S
.
C
Socrates
FALLA “Aside from the truth theories presented, there are other means by which a person can
Therefore
is a man.
, Socrates
is mortal
.
8 RULES OF SYLLOGISM
FORMAL FALLACIES  How do we determine the major premise, minor premise, and the
conclusion?
 detectable by an examination of the *Major premise- the premise that contains the major term
FORM of argument. *Minor premise- the premise that contains the minor term.
*Conclusion- the third proposition whose meaning and truth are
 also known as Traditional and Symbolic implied in the premises.
Logic:
 8 Rules of Syllogism  How do we determine the major term, minor term, and the middle term?
 The Square of Opposition *Major term- the predicate of the conclusion.
*Minor term- the subject of the conclusion.
*Middle term- the remaining term which does not (and cannot)
appear in the conclusion.
FALLA C I E S
LACIES
FORMAL FAL 8 RULES OF SYLLOGISM
e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #1: There should only be

 d o f t h e FORM
t i on three terms in the syllogism,
examina
t.
of argumen namely: the major term, the
minor term, and the middle term.
w n a s T r a ditional
 also kno L o gic:
y m b o l ic
and S S yllogism
u le s o f
 8R
r e of
 The Squa
Opposition
FALLA C I E S
LACIES
e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #2: The major and the minor

t i on terms should only be universal in
examina
t.
of argumen the conclusion if they are
universal in the premises.
y m b o l ic
and S S yllogism
u le s o f
 8R
r e of
 The Squa
Opposition
FALLA C I E S
LACIES
e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #3: The middle term must be

t i on universal at least once.
examina
t.
of argumen
y m b o l ic
and S S yllogism
u le s o f
 8R
r e of
 The Squa
Opposition
FALLA C I E S
LACIES
e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #4: If the premises are

t i on affirmative, then the conclusion
examina
t.
of argumen must be affirmative.
y m b o l ic
and S S yllogism
u le s o f
 8R
r e of
 The Squa
Opposition
FALLA C I E S
LACIES
e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #5: If one premise is

t i on affirmative and the other is
examina
t.
of argumen negative, then the conclusion
must be negative.
y m b o l ic
and S S yllogism
u le s o f
 8R
r e of
 The Squa
Opposition
FALLA C I E S
LACIES
e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #6: The argument is invalid

t i on whenever the premises are both
examina
t.
of argumen negative.
y m b o l ic
and S S yllogism
u le s o f
 8R
r e of
 The Squa
Opposition
FALLA C I E S
LACIES
e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #7: One premise at least

t i on must be universal.
examina
t.
of argumen
y m b o l ic
and S S yllogism
u le s o f
 8R
r e of
 The Squa
Opposition
FALLA C I E S
LACIES
e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #8: If one premise is

t i on particular, then the conclusion
examina
t.
of argumen must be particular.
y m b o l ic
and S S yllogism
u le s o f
 8R
r e of
 The Squa
Opposition

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TU D Y O F PH IL OS OP HY.

is a judgment based on personal convictions, which

• The Correspondence Theory THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY

• The Correspondence Theory THE COHERENCE THEORY

• The Coherence Theory - contends that a proposition is true if it is Example

• The Correspondence Theory THE PRAGMATIC THEORY

• The Coherence Theory - holds that a proposition is true if it is useful.

• INVESTMENT IN KAPA, REGIN, AND ALMAMICO MAKES PEOPLE RICH.

• SQUARE HAVE FOUR ANGLES.

• ALAMADA IS LOCATED IN REGION XII.

 also known as Traditional and Symbolic Example:

e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #1: There should only be

e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #2: The major and the minor

e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #3: The middle term must be

e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #4: If the premises are

e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #5: If one premise is

e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #6: The argument is invalid

e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #7: One premise at least

e t ec ta b le by an  Rule #8: If one premise is

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