Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Bound to Change
How do atoms join together?
• A huge variety of substances are possible because
atoms join together by forming chemical bonds.

• A chemical bond is an interaction that holds

atoms or ions together.

• A group of atoms that are held together by

chemical bonds is called a molecule.

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

What happens to atoms during chemical changes?

• Chemical changes change the identity of

substances.

• Chemical changes do not create or destroy atoms.

In a chemical change, atoms are rearranged to
make new substances with different properties.

• In order for atoms to be rearranged, chemical

bonds have to be formed or broken.

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

A Model Atom
What do different atom models show?
• The electron cloud model of an atom shows how
electrons are found in a region around the
nucleus.

• This model helps to show the general locations of

the different parts of the atom.

• However, it does not show the number of

electrons.

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

What do different atom models show?

• Where are the nucleus and the electrons in the
electron cloud model of a lithium atom?

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

What do different atom models show?

• The Bohr model of an atom shows the number of
electrons in an atom.

• The electrons are shown as dots placed in rings

around the nucleus, with each ring representing
an energy level.

• Showing the electrons in energy levels helps

predict how and why atoms form chemical bonds.

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

What do different atom models show?

• How are electrons distributed in the Bohr model of
an oxygen atom?

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

What do different atom models show?

• In the space-filling model of a molecule, atoms are
represented as solid spheres.

• The spheres do not show the parts that make up

the atoms.

• However, this model clearly shows how the atoms

are connected to each other.

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

What are valence electrons?

• Bohr models show electrons in energy levels, each
of which can hold a specific number of electrons.

• The energy level furthest from the nucleus is

called the outermost energy level.

• Electrons found in the outermost energy level of

an atom are called valence electrons.

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Fill It Up!
How does the periodic table show the number of valence
electrons?

• Elements in the same group, or vertical column,

have the same number of valence electrons.

• You can use the group number to find the number

of valence electrons in Groups 1, 2, and 13–18.

• There is no simple rule to find the number of

valence electrons in Groups 3–12.

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

How does the periodic table show the number of valence

electrons?

• Determine the number of valence electrons in

atoms of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and fluorine
(F).

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Why do atoms form bonds?

• An atom tends to form bonds if its outermost
energy level is not full.

• Atoms that have fewer than eight valence

electrons, except for helium, do not have a full
outermost energy level.

• These atoms gain, lose, or share valence electrons

to form bonds.

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Unit 3 Lesson 3 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Why do atoms form bonds?

• Forming bonds allows atoms to fill their outermost
energy level.

• An ion is a charged particle that forms when an

atom loses or gains an electron.

• The ions formed by chlorine and sodium both have

eight valence electrons. Bonds hold the negative
and positive ions together, producing sodium
chloride.

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