General Information

•Contact:
•Driba D. Tolla , Tel: 031-299-6244, Email: ddtolla@skku.edu,

Room No: 85701. Or through ICampus

•Text Book

•Serway/Jewett, Principles of Physics, A calculus based text

(5-th edition)
•Evaluation:

•Attendances and home works: 20%

•Mid-term-exam : 40 %

•Final exam : 40%

 Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett

Chapter 1
Introduction and Vectors
An Invitation to Physics
• Physics—the most fundamental physical
science
• It deals with the basic principles of the
universe
• It is the foundation for engineering, technology,
astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology
An Invitation to Physics
• Classical physics (pre-1900): classical
mechanics, electromagnetism, optics,
thermodynamics
• Galileo Galilei (1564–1642): developed laws of
motion with constant acceleration
• Johannes Kepler (1571–1630): developed
empirical laws for the motions of planetary bodies
• Isaac Newton (1642–1727): developed classical
mechanics as a systematic theory and was one of
the originators of calculus
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879): provided a
unified theory of electromagnetism
An Invitation to Physics
• Modern physics (at the end of the 19th
century) developed because many physical
phenomena could not be explained by
classical physics
• Two most important developments:
• the theories of relativity
• quantum mechanics
Theory and Experiments
• Physics—based on experimental
observations and mathematical analyses
• Main objectives:
• to develop theories that explain phenomena
• to relate theories to other established theories
• Possible to explain behavior of physical
systems using a few fundamental laws
• laws expressed in the language of mathematics
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
• Systéme International (SI)
• Main system used in this text
• Consists of a system of definitions and standards
to describe fundamental physical quantities
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
• Two systems of units:
(1) the SI system:
• length (meter, m), mass (kilogram, kg), and time
(second, s)
(2) the U.S. customary system:
• length (foot, ft), mass (slug), and time (second, s)
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
• Fundamental quantities: length, time, mass
• Derived quantities: quantities that can be
expressed as a mathematical combination of
fundamental quantities
• Examples:
• Area: a product of two lengths
• Speed: a ratio of a length to a time interval
• density: mass per unit volume:
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
• The table shows the most
frequently used prefixes for
the powers of ten and their
abbreviations
• 10-3 m = 1 millimeter (mm)
• 103 m = 1 kilometer (km)
• 1 kg = 103 grams (g)
• 1 megavolt (MV) = 106 volts (V)
1.2 Dimensional Analysis
• Dimension has a specific meaning:
• denotes the physical nature of a quantity

• Square brackets denote dimensions:

• Dimensions of speed v: [v] = L/T
• Dimensions of area A: [A] = L2
1.2 Dimensional Analysis
• Dimensional Analysis: technique to check the
correctness of an equation or to assist in
deriving an equation
• Dimensions can be treated as algebraic
quantities:
• Quantities can be added or subtracted only if they
have the same dimensions
• Both sides of equation must have the same
dimensions
1.2 Dimensional Analysis
• Given the equation: x = ½at2
• Check dimensions on each side:

• The equation is dimensionally correct

• There are no dimensions for the constant
1.3 Conversion of Units
• When units are not consistent, you may need
to convert to appropriate ones
• Units can be treated like algebraic quantities
that can cancel each other
• Always include units for every quantity, you
can carry the units through the entire
calculation
1.3 Conversion of Units
• To convert units: multiply original value by a
ratio equal to 1
• The ratio is called a conversion factor
• Example: 1 in. = 2.54 cm, convert 15.0 in. to
cm
1.4 Order of Magnitude Calculations
• Use the symbol  for “is on the order of”
• Examples:
• 0.008 6 m  102 m
• 0.002 1 m  103 m
• 720 m  103 m
• Results of an order-of-magnitude estimate
are reliable to within about a factor of ten
• If a quantity increases in value by three orders of
magnitude, its value increases by a factor of
about 103 = 1000
1.5 Significant Figures
• There is uncertainty in every measurement,
this uncertainty carries over through the
calculations
• We need a technique to account for this
uncertainty
• We will use rules for significant figures to
approximate the uncertainty in results of
calculations
1.5 Significant Figures
• A significant figure is one that is reliably
known
• Zeros may or may not be significant
• Those used to position the decimal point are not
significant
• To remove ambiguity, use scientific notation
• In a measurement, the significant figures
include the first estimated digit
1.5 Significant Figures
• 0.0075 m has 2 significant figures
• The leading zeroes are placeholders only
• Can write in scientific notation to show more
clearly: 7.5×103 m for 2 significant figures
• 10.0 m has 3 significant figures
• The decimal point gives information about the
reliability of the measurement
• 1500 m is ambiguous
• Use 1.5×103 m for 2 significant figures
• Use 1.50×103 m for 3 significant figures
• Use 1.500×103 m for 4 significant figures
1.5 Significant Figures
• When multiplying or dividing, the number of
significant figures in the final answer is the
same as the number of significant figures in
the quantity having the lowest number of
significant figures
• Example: 25.57 m × 2.45 m = 62.6 m2
• The 2.45 m limits your result to 3 significant
figures
1.5 Significant Figures
• When adding or subtracting, the number of
decimal places in the result should equal the
smallest number of decimal places in any
term in the sum
• Example: 135 cm + 3.25 cm = 138 cm
• The 135 cm limits your answer to the units
decimal value
1.5 Significant Figures
• Rules for rounding:
• Last retained digit is increased by 1 if the last digit
dropped is 5 or above
• Last retained digit is remains as it is if the last
digit dropped is less than 5
• If the last digit dropped is equal to 5, the retained
should be rounded to the nearest even number
• Saving rounding until the final result will help
eliminate accumulation of errors
1.6 Coordinate Systems
• Used to describe the position of a point in
space
• Coordinate system consists of
• A fixed reference point called the origin
• Specific axes with scales and labels
• Instructions on how to label a point relative to the
origin and the axes
1.6 Coordinate Systems
Cartesian coordinate system
(Also called rectangular coordinate system)
• x- and y-axes intersect at the origin
• Points are labeled (x,y)
1.6 Coordinate Systems
Polar coordinate system
Origin and reference line
are noted
• Point is distance r from
the origin in the
direction of angle ,
ccw from reference line
• Points are labeled (r,)
1.6 Coordinate Systems
• Form a right triangle, with
hypotenuse r

•  must be ccw from

positive x axis for these
equations to be valid
1.7 Vectors and Scalars
• A scalar is a quantity that is completely
specified by a positive or negative number
with an appropriate unit and has no direction
• Examples: temperature, volume, mass, time
intervals
• Rules of ordinary arithmetic are used to
manipulate scalar quantities
1.7 Vectors and Scalars
• A vector is a physical quantity that must be
described by a magnitude (number) and
appropriate units plus a direction
• Examples: velocity, acceleration, force,
momentum
1.7 Vectors and Scalars
• A particle travels from A
to B (dotted red line)
• This is the distance
traveled and is a scalar
• The displacement:
solid line from A to B
• The displacement is
independent of the path
taken between the two
points
• Displacement is a
vector
1.7 Vectors and Scalars
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
Equality of two vectors:
• Two vectors are equal if

they have the same

magnitude and the same
direction

• So long as the length and

orientation of a vector are
preserved, it can be
shifted from one position
to another
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
Vector addition, graphical Method:
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
• When you have
many vectors, just
keep repeating the
process until all are
included
• The resultant is still
drawn from the
origin of the first
vector to the end of
the last vector
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
• When two vectors
are added, the sum
is independent of the
order of the addition
• This is the
commutative law of
addition
•
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
• When adding three or
more vectors, their sum
is independent of the
way in which the
individual vectors are
grouped
• This is called the
Associative Property of
Addition
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
The negative of a vector:
• The negative of a vector is defined as the

vector that, when added to the original vector,

gives a resultant of zero

•The negative of a vector will have the same

magnitude, but point in the opposite direction
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
Subtraction of vectors:
• Special case of vector
addition:

• Continue with standard

vector addition
procedure
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar:
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
Multiplication of two vectors:
• Two vectors can be multiplied in two different

ways:
• One is the scalar product:
• Also called the dot product
• The other is the vector product:
• Also called the cross product
• These products will be discussed as they arise
in the text
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors
• Components of a
vector are the
projections of the vector
along the x- and y-axes
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors
• The y-component is
moved to the end of
the x-component
• any vector can be
moved parallel to
itself without being
affected
• This completes the
triangle
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors
• The components of a vector can be expressed in
any convenient coordinate system.
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors
• A unit vector is a dimensionless vector with
a magnitude of exactly 1
• Unit vectors are used to specify a direction
and have no other physical significance
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors

• They form a set of

mutually perpendicular
vectors
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit
Vectors
• The magnitude and angle of the resultant
vector can be found from:

• This can be extended to three dimensions: