Working

Memory

Limited capacity
• Digit span task
• 7+-2 (Miller)
• Simple - short-term
memory storage

• Change detection
task
• 4 (Luck & Vogel,
1997)
• More complex: Visual
working memory
Working
Memory

Limited capacity
• Digit span task
• 7+-2 (Miller)
• Simple - short-term
memory storage

• Change detection
task
• 4 (Luck & Vogel,
1997)
• More complex: Visual
working memory
Working
Memory

Pronouncation Time
• The word-length effect
• Çin, Burma, Fas, Gana, Malta, Tibet
• Moğolistan, Lüksemburg, Guatemala,
Endonezya, Danimarka, Arnavutluk
Working
Memory

Duration of WM

REHEARSAL
Maintenance Elaborative
Rehearsal Rehearsal
Working
Memory

Duration of WM
• Rehearsal prevention task
ARMUT
ÇEKİÇ
KAĞIT
129
KÖPEK
TURTA
PAMUK
432
TABAK
KOLYE
ÇINAR
381
Working
Memory

Duration of WM

Peterson & Peterson’s Results

Working
Memory

Duration of WM

Peterson & Peterson’s Results Keppel & Underwood’s Results

Working
Memory
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Duration of WM
Working
Memory

Duration of WM
Interference

Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Probe Digit Procedure (Waugh & Norman, 1965)
An example of retroactive interference

Probe Digit

2–6–5–8
Probe Digit

2–6–5–8–1–9–4
Working
Memory
Serial Position Curve
Working
Memory

Diyet, fare, barikat, kumanda, çocuk  first 5

mandal, uçak, tatil, sabun, paket  middle 5

sandalye, parfum, makas, bitki, cezve  last 5

Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Serial Position Curve (Murdoch, 1962)
Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Serial Position Curve

Explanation for the primacy and the recency

effect….?
Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Serial Position Curve
Wait for 30 seconds before recalling words…
Recency effect disappears.
Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Serial Position Curve

Roediger & DeSoto (2014)

Forgetting the Presidents
Working
Memory

Limited capacity
• Digit span task
• 7+-2 (Miller)
• 4 (Luck & Vogel,
1997; Visual
working memory

• Change blindness:
https://coglab.cen
gage.com/labs/ch
ange_detection.sh
tml
Working
Memory
Serial Position Curve
Working
Memory

Hediye, fare, barikat, kumanda, çocuk  first 5

mandal, uçak, tatil, sabun, paket  middle 5

sandalye, parfum, makas, adam, cezve  last 5

Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Serial Position Curve (Murdoch, 1962)
Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Serial Position Curve

Explanation for the primacy and the recency

effect….?
Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Serial Position Curve
Wait for 30 seconds before recalling words…
Recency effect disappears.
Working
Memory
Duration of WM
Serial Position Curve

Roediger & DeSoto (2014)

Forgetting the Presidents
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
LTM (Structure)
 Subdivisions of LTM
LTM (Structure)
 Subdivisions of LTM (Explicit/declarative)
 Episodic
 Semantic
 LTM (Structure)
 Subdivisions of LTM (Implicit/non-declarative)
 Priming
 Procedural memory
 Classical conditioning
LTM (Structure)
 Episodic and Semantic memory distinction
 Endel Tulving
 Mental time travel in episodic memory but not in
semantic memory
LTM (Structure)
 Episodic and Semantic memory distinction
 Evidence

 Dissociation (e.g., cases suffer only from loss of

semantic memory but not episodic memory)

 Double dissociation (demonstrating the action of

two separable psychological or biological systems,
such as differentiating between types of memory or
the function of brain areas. E.g., one patient suffers
from loss of semantic but not episodic memory
while another patient with a different brain damage
suffer from loss of episodic but not semantic
memory)
LTM (Structure)
 Episodic and Semantic memory distinction
 Evidence

 The HERA Model

LTM (Structure)
 Subdivisions of LTM

 Episodic memory, autobiographical memory,

flashbulb memory… ?

 What is the difference?

LTM (Structure)
 Modal Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin)