Preserving

Justice
Lesson 17
 Objective

Participating in a debate
 Debate

It is broader than a logical

argument.
The word debate came from the
Middle English word debaten
whose root word batre means
"to beat." It also came from
debatum which means "to reach
an agreement."
Formal debates are usually
conducted to train students
to be engaged in critical
thinking
In informal situations like a
social gathering or a classroom
setting, people argue and defend
their stand on an issue without
following any rules.
It is very important for debaters
to back up their arguments with
evidence.
 Rules of Debate
A debate has two teams:
an Affirmative and a Negative.
Each side consists of Three
Speakers.
The First Affirmative speaker
begins the debate, and is then
followed by the First Negative
speaker. 
This pattern is maintained for the
second and third speakers of each
team. Each speaker speaks for a
set time, with a warning bell, to
give them a little time to sum up
and finish, then a final bell. 
There will be a Chair Or
Moderator who presides over the
discussion.
WHAT MAKES A DEBATE
?
• What you say (MATTER) 
• How you say it (MANNER)

• How you structure it
(METHOD)
 MANNER

• o Confidence
• o Voice
• o Gesture and stance 
 METHOD
• o Organization of material
• o Proper fulfillment of
speaker roles
• o Signposting
• oTime management 
 MATTER
• o General knowledge
• o Persuasive arguments
• o Rebuttal
 Objective

Using conditional sentences

 Conditional Sentence
• A conditional sentence tells
the “conditions” in which
something happens. It shows a
possible cause and effect
situation in the form of an
“if…then” statement
Conditional sentences consist of two
clauses:

• a main clause that gives the

result or outcome,
• and a subordinate clause that
sets up the condition.
• The subordinate clause is
called the conditional clause
or the if clause.
Conditional sentences may express
possible conditions.

• 1. Habitual actions
simple present
• If Nanette and her husband go
abroad for business, Nanette's
mother looks after their
children. (Present)
• simple past

• If our parents went out on a

date, we stayed home and
watched videos all night.
(Past)
 2. Inferences
• simple present
• If the car jolts, the battery is
OK.
• simple past
• If Garry visited Granny last
Sunday, why did he visit her
again
• The modals must and should may
also be used in the main clause of
sentences to express inferences.

• If you leave, you must bring an

umbrella.

• If you enjoyed our company, you

should have stayed on.
 3. Future conditions that are
possible and are likely to be fulfilled

• simple present / simple future

• If Mary comes tomorrow, I will
inform her about our plans.

• If the band arrives today, you

will call the manager.
 a. Future forms in the main
clause
• present continuous / going to + verb

• The children are going to their

grandmother's if they do not have
anything to do here.

• If we start the project tomorrow, the

director is going to call the president.
 b. Present forms in the if clause

• present perfect / present continuous

• If you haven't written any stories for

the last two years, you will struggle to
get back into writing.

• It will be hard to listen to the lecturer if

those speakers are not functioning
well.
 Recalling Concept
• An if clause is a type of adverbial
clause. It can be found before or after
the main clause in a sentence. However,
whether the if clause is placed before or
after the main clause, the meaning of the
sentence does not change
 Recalling Concept
• If Mary comes tomorrow, I will
inform her about our plans.

• You will call the manager if the

band arrives today
• 1. The modals may, might, and could in
the main clause

• We may lose the chance of meeting the

author if we do not leave now.

• If Ben comes early, he might still find an

available seat near the stage.

• He could have signed up for the race if he

had arrived before 10 AM.
• 2. The modal should in the if
clause

• If you should see Mr. Cruz at the

conference tomorrow, you will
tell him that the Director needs
him.
 4. Conditional sentences may
express hypothetical conditions.

• 1. "Unreal" present

• If Mary were here, I would

inform her about our plans.
• (Mary is not here, so I cannot
inform her about our plans.)
 4. Conditional sentences may
express hypothetical conditions.

• 1. "Unreal" present

• If I had more money, I would

donate the extra to the poor.
• (I have no extra money, so I
cannot donate any.)
Conditional Clause Main Clause

were would inform

(past subjunctive (past tense of can +
form of be verb in base form)
had would donate
(past tense of have) (past tense of can +
verb in base form)
 2. "Unreal" future
• If Celia were to join us, our
club would emerge as the
winner in all competitions.

• (Celia is not part of the club.

The possibility of the club
winning all the competitions
then is uncertain.)
• If Celia were to resign from her
current job, she would not
coordinate the review classes
anymore.

• (Celia has not yet resigned. The

possibility of her not
coordinating the review classes
then is unknown.)
 Notice the verb forms used in the
sentences.
Conditional Clause Main Clause

joined would emerge

(simple past tense) (past tense of will +
verb in base form)
resigned would continue
(simple past tense) (past tense of will +
verb in base form)
 3. "Unreal" past
• If Mary had come to the
office, I would have informed
her about
• our plans.

• (Mary did not come at all. So,

I was not able to inform her.)
• If the bank had lent me the
money, I would have bought a
new car last year.

• (The bank did not lend me

money. So, I did not buy a
new car.)
 Notice the verb forms used in the
sentences.
Conditional Clause Main Clause

had come would have informed

(past perfect tense) (past tense of will + have
+ past participle of the
verb)
had lent would have bought
(past perfect tense) (past tense of will + have
+ past
participle of the verb)
• Mark would still be watching T.V.
if he knew that his parents were at
home.

• If something were burning, I would

try to find it.

• If Jane had been walking outside,

she would have seen the full moon.
• If you saw the house, you might
think about moving in there.

• If my father had accepted the job

offer, all of us could have left the
• country with him.
• If you are done with your
homework, sleep now.

• If you happen to talk to him, give

him my regards.
 Objective

Spelling words with silent

letters
• 1. Silent b • 2. Silent b
before t after m
• debt
• aplomb
• doubt • comb
• subtle • crumb
• 3. Silent c • 4. Silent ch
in sc
• fuchsia
• discipline • yach
• science
• scene
• 5. Silent k • 6. Silent g
before n before n

• knee • gnarl
• Knack • sign
• Knead • align
• feign
• 7. Silent g • 8. Silent h
before m
• heir
• phlegm • honest
• diaphragm • ghost
• paradigm • loofah
• khaki
• 9. Silent I • 10. Silent n
before d, f, after m
v, k, and m
• autumn
• could • column
• should • hymn
• halves
• balm
• folk
• 11. Silent s • 12. Silent t
in words of in the
French endings -
origin sten and -
stle
• aisle
• apropos • castle
• chassis • fasten
• debris • rustle
• 13. Silent w • 14. Silent x
before h or at the end
r of words of
French
• who origin
• wrench
• wrangle • chateaux
• wrap grand prix
• 15. Silent p
before b, n,
s, and t

• cupboard
• psychology
• pneumonia
• pterosaur