INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF

OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

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 MD 2.1 TD - Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (Provisional).
 MD 5.0.1 TD - Military Appreciation Process.
 MM 0.3.11 TD – The Enemy (Lanun) 2010 (Provisional).
 FM 34-130 - Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (U.S Army).
 FM 34-81-1 - Battlefield Weather Effect (US Army).

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 SCOPE
 IPOE OVERVIEW
 What is IPOE
 Why prep IPOE
 IPOE and MAP

 HOW TO CONDUCT IPOE

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 OVERVIEW
“I shall proceed from the
simple to the complex. But
in war more than in any
other subject we must begin
by looking at the nature of
the whole; for here more
than elsewhere the part and
the whole must always be
thought of together”.
Carl von Clausewitz
Vom Kriege (1832)
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  A systematic process of analyzing and visualizing
the en & operational environment in a specific
geographic area for a specific mission
 A rigorous analytical methodology
 Focussing on providing predictive int for use in
planning & executing ops.
 Msn dependent.
4 MSN
1
 The central focus of the IPOE cycle
 All Four Steps of the IPOE process
must revolve around the msn
3 2
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 IPOE IN A NUTSHELL…
 Evaluate the battlefield’s /OE’s effects on
friendly and enemy operations.
 Determine the enemy’s possible COAs and
arrange them in the order that the enemy will
do them.
 Intelligence driven operations are those that
allow commanders to focus scarce & often
small resources into areas & locations within
the battlespace to allow specific effects to be
achieved against the enemy centre of gravity

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Cont.
IPOE IN A NUTSHELL…
INT PROCESS
 IPOE supports development
of an optimal intelligence
collection strategy by
enabling analysts to identify
the time, location, and type
of anticipated activity
corresponding to each
potential adversary or other
relevant actor COA

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Cont.
IPOE IN A NUTSHELL…
 Identify key enemy assets (High Value
Targets (HVTs)) for each enemy COA and
where they will appear on the battlefield
(Target Area of Interest (TAIs)).
 Identify the activities, or lack of activities, and
where they will occur on the battlefield.
These activities will assist in identifying which
COA the enemy adopts.

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 WHY DO WE PREPARE IPOE?
Designed to sp staff estimates & decision making
process (MAP):
 Determine En capabilities & COA

 Understand the battlefield

 Drive collection management (RSI Planning) & targeting effort (tgt

value analysis)

 Dev IRs/PIRs

 Plan the battle - Reduces uncertainty & prov preferred alternatives in

decision making for the exec of battle

 Synchronize BOS

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 Is most effective when it integrate each
staff element’s expertise into the process

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 FUNCTIONAL IPB USE PRODUCTS USED
AREA

ARTY Tgt Acquisition Value, Analyze MCOO, Weather Effect Matrix &
Wpn Emplacement, Deep Attk
Template & Doctrinal Template

AD En Air AA, Wpn MCOO, Doctrinal & Event

Emplacement, En Air Threat Template & Weather Effect Matrix

MCOO, Event Template &

ENGR Barrier Planning Route, Weather Effect Matrix
Improvements Route, Recon

LOG Weather Effect Matrix & MCOO

Installation Site Selection
L Of C

RSI Planning & Coord Weather Effect Matrix & MCOO,

Event & Template & Sit Template

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  Combining the battlespace
environment & en's doctrine to
determine how he conduct his
msn.
 Done during the Planning Ph
of the int cycle & the comd
initial op planning.
 IPOE outputs constitutes the
int inputs to the MAP

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 1. MSN ANALYSIS 2 – EVALUATION OF FACTORS
Review the sit Gnd (IPB)
Analyse higher comd intent & determine En (IPB)
own msn Own tp
Determine tasks Civ
Identify freedom of action/ limitations Time & space
Identify facts Assessment of tp to tasks
 Cfm or change msn
Battle space
Analysis

COA DEV

Own COA
En COA (IPB)
En Analysis
5. PLAN

Dev & issue plan

Exec & monitor plan
4. SELECTION OF THE BEST
COURSE
En Most Likely Course
Selection of the best course

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 1. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS 2 – MISSION ANALYSIS
The sit Review the sit
Purpose and endstate Analyze superior comd’s intent and ident
Imposed key timings the msn
Time avail for plannings Analyze tasks
Initial Info requirements Determine FoA
Initial risks guidance Ident critical facts & assumptions
Issue initial WngO Confirm the msn
Consolidate IPOE and MA
MA and comd’s guidance

COA DEV

Create COA concept

Test COA criteria
Fully develop COA
5. DECISION &
EXECUTION 4. COA ANALYSIS
Refine plan, issue orders & Review essential info
conduct rehearsal Select & prepare wargame
Execute, monitor and adjust the Wargame the COA
plan Record Wargame result
COA Analysis brief

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?
1
Define the Operational
Environment

2
Describe the Operational
Environment
Effects

3 Evaluate the
Threat

STEPS OF IPoe
4 Determine
Threat COAs
17
 Graphics Output
(Overlays & Matrix) Written Outputs

Define the Operational Environment

Describe the OE Effects AO / AI Analysis

Evaluate the Threat En ORBAT /

Characteristics

Determine Threat COAs En COG/CV

 :

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 IDENTIFY AVAILABILITY OF
1 TIME

2 IDENTIFY KEY
ENVIRONMENTAL
STEP 1 ACTIVITIES CHARACTERISTICS

IDENTIFY AO & AI
3

DETERMINE IR & MAKE

4 ASSUMPTION

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 1
 DEV USING REVERSE PLANNING APP .
 TO DETERMINE:
 THE TIME AVAIL FOR THE IPOE PROCESS
 DETAILS REQ IN THE PERIOD OF TIME
TIME NOW OCCUPIED DEF POSN
190900H FEB 11 220900H FEB 11

72 HRS
? HR
MAP ready
 TIME IS ALWAYS A LIMITATION FACTOR

 TIME AVAIL FOR IPB PROCESS IS DEPENDANT ON THE

REQUIREMENT FOR INT INPUT INTO MAP

 MAP METHOD CHOSEN WILL DETERMINE HOW MUCH TIME

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 THE TIME AVAIL WILL DETERMINE THE WAY OF IPOE
PROCESS CONDUCT

 MUST SEEK FOR COMMANDER GUIDANCE IOT DETERMINE

HOW DETAIL THE IPB PRODUCT REQ

 IT IS STRESSED THAT IPOE IS ONGOING PROCESS & WILL

CONT THROUGHOUT AS AN IR DETERMINED.

REMEMBER!!!
 Prioritise efforts into what matters to the Commander
 70% solution on time is always better than 100% to late

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 
1 THE ABBREVIATED IPOE PROCESS
 Situationally tailored to sp the commanders’s reqmt given
time constraints. The fol gen methods can be used to
abbreviated the process;
Disregard those IPOE process or products that are not
req to sp the commander’s decision.

 IPOE Steps 1,2 and 3 only need to be conducted in full

at beginning. This step only req revision provided that
the operational environment, weather and threat
remain constant.

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 
1 THE ABBREVIATED IPOE PROCESS
 IPOE Step 2 and 3 are dependent of each other, and when
needed to be conducted, can be simultaneously before
being integrated in Step 4
 Conducted based on which MAP method conducted
Deliberate MAP / SMAP. Full IPOE should be conducted
 Quick MAP / IMAP.
 Concentate only on AO
 Only produce MCOO overlay
 Only dev MLCOA and MDCOA
 Display the two en COA on one Sit Overlay and use
same overlay as Event Overlay

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 2 Identify factors that will
influence threat or friendly
courses of action
Physical Terrain; Geography, infrastructure
and weather

Human Terrain; society, politics, religion,

economy

Information Terrain; flow of information

throughout the AO

*HOW IT INFLUENCE OURS & EN COA?

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 
2
Geography  Areas and Infrastructure
 Elevation data  Government Centers
 Soil Composition  Agricultural/mining regions
 Trade routes and commercial zones
 Hydrological data  Industrial zones
 Vegetation  Displace civilian sites
 Comm towers
 Weather  Power plants
 Visibility  Dams
  Religious/historical building
Wind
 Hospitals
 Precipitation  Jails
 Cloud cover/ceiling  Warehouses
 Temperature  TV and Radio Stations
 Tunnels/Bridge
 Humidity  Street and urban patterns
 Transportation
 Fuel
 Health Services
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 


2
Population
Education
 Religion
 Health
 Legal
 Political
 Economics
 Society
 NGOs
 Local Authorities

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
2
is an understanding of the
information domain and the
flow of information throughout
the AO
 Civilian systems
 Threat systems
 Flow of information
 Comms HF/VHF
 Transportation systems

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 3
Area of Operations (AO)
The geographical area over
which the commander has been
assigned the responsibility and
authority to conduct military
operations
Analyse the msn & Comd’s Intent

II
The limits is determined by the
max capability of a unit to acquire II
tgt & physically dominate the en
Bdry is normally specified in the
OpO fm higher comd HQ

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 3
Area of Interest (AI) –
Area of concern to the commander,
incl the area of influence, areas
adjacent thereto and extending
into en territory the obj of
current or planned ops. If occ
by en, could jeopardize the Area of Operations
accomplishment of the msn
Geographic area from which
information and intelligence are
required to execute successful
operations (focus Intelligence
assets to provide I&W). Defined Area of Interest
by:

 Friendly Forces Loc

 Anticipated Future Task Loc
 En Forces able to project combat
power or move into the AO

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 3
 Assigned by higher fmn.
 Defined by bdry.
AI
 Sufficient size to allow completion of msn.
Comd is given authority and responsibility toAI
AO
conduct mil ops.
A thorough knowledge of this area leads to its
effective use
AI
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 4
IR
EXPRESSED AS A SPECIFIC
QUESTION ABOUT :

 ORBAT
 DEPLOYMENT
 INTENTION
 LOCAL ENVIRONTMENT COND

 DISSEMINATED TO SUBUNIT &

FMN IN THE FORM OF RSI PLAN.
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 Info req on the en & environment.
 
 Where is the en possible res loc?
 Where is the en possible cbt sp loc?
 Where is the en possible gun posn?
 What is the cond of br in AO?

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 4 ASSUMPTIONS
 IN REALITY – SOME IR MAY NOT BE ABLE TO BE
COMPLETELY ANSWERED.
 DEVELOPED AS SUBSTITUTES TO ALLOW PLANNING
PROCESS TO CONT IMMEDIATELY.
 ASSUMPTIONS SHOULD BE MADE ON THE FOLLOWING:
 EN
 ENVIRONMENT
 OTHER FACTORS
 MUST BE LISTED & BRIEFED TO COMD FOR VERIFICATION.
 MUST BE CONTINUALLY REASSESSED AS IR FULFILLED.

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  TIMELINE – AVAILABILITY OF TIME

 KEY BATTLEFIELD FACTORS

 AO / AI OVERLAY

 INITIAL IR AND ASSUMPTIONS

 INITIAL RSI PLAN

 RFI TO HIGHER HQ

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 Q&A

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