ENGLISH 1

EIGHTH LECTURE

By:
PROF. DR. TAJULARIFIN, MA
(Professor at The Faculty of Shari’ah and Law, UIN Sunan
Gunung Djati Bandung, E-mail: tajularifin64@uinsgd.ac.id/
tajularifinn64@gmail.com; WA: 08179220810)

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 UNIT FIVE
1. Read and Translate the Text into Indonesian
THE PRINCIPLE OF OWNERSHIP IN ISLAM, CAPITALISM AND
SOCIALISM
Capitalist society believes in the private individual form of ownership,
i.e. private ownership. It allows individuals private ownership of different
kinds of wealth in the country according to their activities and
circumstances. It only recognizes public ownership when required by social
necessity and when experience demonstrated the need for nationalization of
this or that utility.

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Socialism society is completely contrary to that. So common ownership is
the general principal, which it is applied to every kind of wealth. However,
the basic characteristic of both societies are not applicable to Islamic society
because Islamic society does not agree with capitalism in the doctrine
that private ownership is the principle, or with socialism in its view that
common ownership is a general principal. Rather it acknowledges
different forms of ownership at the same time. Thus it lays down the
principle of multi-faceted ownership. That means from Islamic viewpoint
ownership is accepted in a variety of forms-instead of the principle of only
one kind of ownership, such as, private ownership, public ownership and
state ownership.

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For this reason, it would be a mistake to call Islamic a capitalist society, even though
it allows private ownership of a number of kinds of property and means of
production, because in its view private ownership is not the basic rule. In the same
way it would be a mistake to use the term "socialist society" for Islamic society, even
though it has adopted public ownership and state ownership for some kinds of
wealth and property, because in its view the socialist form of ownership is not the
general rule.
According to Quaranic verses, every thing in this universe belongs to God Almighty.
"Whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth belongs to Allah." [Al-
Baqarah, 2: 284]. He is the real owner of everything "And Allah’s is the kingdom of
the heavens and the earth, and Allah has power over every things." [Ali- ‘Imran,
3:189].

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Sadr (1994: 98-114) made clear that individual ownership, state ownership, and
public ownership are three parallel forms in Islamic law. Real ownership belongs to
Allah, man holds property in trust for which he is accountable to Him, in accordance
with rules clearly laid down in the Shari’ah Islami’iah [Islamic Teaching] underlined
above.
Siddiqi (1981: 191-209) explained that acquisition of property as well as its use
and disposal are subject to limits set and should be guided by the norms laid down
by Allah. Absolute ownership of man is a concept alien to Islam, as it belongs to
Allah alone. There are definite obligations towards others attending upon the
individual rights of ownership. The respective scopes of the three kind of ownership
are not rigidly defined but left to be determined in the light of certain principles,
depending on the needs and circumstances. (Quoted from: Mohammad R. Taheri,
www.parvez-vedeo.com).

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 New Vocabulary
New Vocabulary Meaning
Accordance Sesuai dengan, menurut, berkenaan dengan, sesuai dengan,
  memenuhi (kb)
Accountable Bertanggung jawab (ks)
Acknowledge Mengakui, menyatakan, menjawab (kkt)
Acquisition Kemahiran, tambahan, pendapat, perolehan (kb)
Alien Asing, bertentangan dengan, berbeda dari (ks), orang asing (kb)
 Applicable Dapat dipakai (ks)
Circumstances Keadaan (kb)
Common Biasa, lajim, umum, dangkal, kasar (ks), keadaan yang biasa,
  bersama (kb)
Definite Pasti, tertentu, nyata (ks)
Disposal Pembuangan, penyelesaian, pemberian, pembagian (kb)
Earth Dunia, bumi, tanah (kb)
Faceted Segi, permukaan, sanding (kb)
Heavens Langit, sorga, cakrawala (kb)
Kingdom Kerajaan, dunia (kb)
Necessity Keperluan, kebutuhan (kb) 6

Obligation Kewajiban (kb)

3. Reading Comprehension: Answer the following questions based on
the reading and translate your answer into Indonesian

No Question & Answer

1 How does Capitalist society believe in private ownership?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

2 What is the difference opinion between Capitalist and Socialist society in

relation to private ownership?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

3 How does Islam consider private ownership?

_____________________________________________________

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4 How many kind of ownership in Islam? Write down one by one!
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

5 Can we call Muslim society as Capitalist society? Why?

____________________________________________________
______________________________________________

6 Translate the passage into good Indonesian in a separate paper!

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

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4. Grammar: Linking Facts through Relative Clauses
1. Defining relative clauses
Relative clauses describe the preceding noun in such a way as to distinguish it from
other nouns of the same class. A clause of this kind is essential to the clear
understanding of the noun. Example:
a. Muhammad Abduh wrote Tafsir Al-Manar;
b. He interpreted the word of ulil amri by ahlu al-hall wa al-`aqd;
Sentence a and b can be linked as follows:
Muhammad Abduh who wrote Tafsir Al-Manar interpreted the word of ulil amri by
ahlu al-hall wa al-`aqd.
"who wrote Tafsir Al-Manar" is the relative clause. If we omit this, it is not clear
which Muhammad Abduh we are talking about. Notice that there is no comma
between a noun and a defining relative clause.

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 2. Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses
These relatives vary slightly according to whether they refer to persons or things and
according to whether they are subjects or objects of a verb or in the possessive case.
They do not vary for singular or plural or masculine or feminine.
The forms are as follows:
Subject object Possessive
For persons who who/whom whose
that that
For things which which whose/of which
that that
It is essential to use that (see the following explanations).

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3. Defining relative clauses for persons:
a. As a subject: who or that. Who is generally used:
The man who read the Holy Koran has been invited.
The girls who read books in the library are students.
The Prophet Tradition is about a wife who refuses her husband (nusyuz).
 
Orientalists are western scholars interested in Asian religious traditions who
studied and wrote about them in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
 
That is much less usual than who, except after superlatives and after all, nobody,
no one, someone, anybody etc. when either who or that can be used as in the
following examples:
Muhammad (peace be upon him [pub.]) was the best Messenger of God who/that
ever sent on the earth.
All Muslims who/that heard adzan (call to prayer) must perform prayer.

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b. As an object of a verb: whom or who or that.
The object form is whom, but this is considered very formal and seldom used in
spoken English. Instead of whom, therefore, in spoken English we use who or that
(that being more usual than who), and it is still more common to omit the object
pronoun altogether.
Examples:
The unbeliever (kafir) whom Muhammad pub. forgave became a Muslim, or
The unbeliever who Muhammad pub. forgave ... or
The unbeliever that Muhammad pub. forgave ... or
The unbeliever Muhammad pub. forgave ... (relative pronoun omitted).

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c. With a preposition: whom or that
In formal English, the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun, which must
then be put into the form whom.
Example: The widow to whom I spoke.
In formal speech, however, it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the
clause. Whom then is often replaced by that, but it is still more common to omit the
relative altogether. Analyze the following examples:
The widow who/whom I spoke to, or
The widow that I spoke to, or
The widow I spoke to.
d. Possessive
In this position, whose is the only possible form.
 
Examples:
Muslim people whose wealth has reached nisab must pay religious tax.
The Koranic verse is about a wife whose husband betrays her.

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4. Defining relative clauses for things:
a. As a subject
Either which or that, but which is more formal.
Examples:
This is the drink (khamar) which/that caused such a drunk.
Ecstasy which/that lead to criminal is forbidden (haram) for Muslims.
 
b. Object of a verb
Which or that, or no relative at all. Study the following examples:
The mosque which/that our parents built is still enough, or
The mosque our parents built is still enough.
Which is hardly ever used after all, much, little, everything, none, no and
compounds of no, or after superlatives. Instead we use that, or omit the relative
altogether, if it is the object of a verb.
Look examples below:
All the tafsir (Koranic exegesis) that written by Muslim scholars are exist in the
library.
This is the best tafsir (that) I know.

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c. Object of a preposition
The formal construction is preposition + which, but it is more usual to move the
preposition to the end of the clause, using which or that or omitting the relative
altogether. Consider the following examples:
The mosque in which I was staying (i`tiqaf) began to be repaired, or
The mosque which/that I was staying in (i`tiqaf) began to be repaired, or
The mosque I was staying in (i`tiqaf) began to be repaired.
Remember, that when can replace in/on which when they are used of time, such
as in the following examples:
The night when angels descended (lailatu al-qadr)
The year when the Prophet Muhammad moved from Mecca to Madina (hijrah).
In addition, where can replace in/at which when they are used of place as follows:
The court where Muslims looked for justice.
Why can replace for which. Consider the following example:
The reason why some non-Muslim intellectuals chose Islam is that its teaching is
more complete than other religions.
When, where and why used in this way are called relative adverbs.
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d. Possessive
Whose + a clause is possible but can often be replaced by with + a phrase.
Example:
Living in a prison whose walls were made of iron would be horrible.
Living in a prison with iron walls would be horrible.
 
5. The relative pronoun what
What can be used instead of the thing that/the things that etc. such as in this
example:
The things that Muhammad saw in his journey (mi`raj) from the mosque of Al-
Aqsha to the heavens (sidrah al-muntaha) astonished him.
What Muhammad saw in his journey (mi`raj) from the mosque of Al-Aqsha to the
heavens (sidrah al-muntaha) astonished him.

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 5. Exercise
No. Questios & Answers
Write five sentences containing relative clauses and some of them quote
from the above passage
1 ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

2 ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

3 ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

4 ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

5 ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

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 Wassalamu’alaikum w.w.
Thank you for your attention

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