Media & Materials

Materials don’t have to be digital or expensive to be

useful. Small can indeed be beautiful, and
inexpensive can be effective! In fact, in some
situations – for instance, isolated, rural areas; teaching
locations that lack electricity; programs or schools with
a low budget – simpler materials may be the only
media that make sense to use.
MANIPULATIVES
Real objects – such as coins, tools, artifacts,
plants, and animals are some of the most
accessible, intriguing, and involving materials in
educational use. They are known as manipulatives
because students may handle and inspect them.
Modifications of Real Objects:
a. Cut-aways
b. Specimens
c. Exhibits
• Verbalism – is a term that refers
to parroting words without
meaningful understanding. To
build schemata that have
meaning and relevance in their
lives, learners used a base in
concrete experience, and
bringing real objects into the
classroom can help in this.
  Cutaways:
Devices such as
machine with one
side cut away to
allow close
observation of the
inner workings.
  Specimens: Actual
plants, animals, or
parts thereof
preserved for
convenient
inspection.
Exhibits : Collection
of artifacts often of
a scientific or
historical nature,
brought together
with printed
information to
illustrate a point.
MANIPULATIVES

Models – are three

dimensional
representations of real
objects. It may be larger,
smaller or the same size
as the object it
represents. It provides
learning experiences that
real things cannot provide.
MANIPULATIVES

Mock – ups – are

simplified representations
of complex devices or
processes, are prevalent
in industrial training.
COMPUTER
PROGRAMS AND
MANIPULATIVES
FIELD TRIPS
Field trips – an excursion
outside the classroom to
study real processes, people,
and objects, often grows out
of students’ need for firsthand
experiences. It makes it
possible for students to
encounter phenomena that
cannot be brought into the
classroom for observation
and study.
Virtual field trips
PRINTED MATERIALS

Printed Materials include

textbooks, fiction and non-fiction
books, booklets, pamphlets, study
guides, manuals and worksheets,
as well as word processed
documents prepared by students
and teachers. Textbooks have
long been the foundation of
classroom instruction. The other
forms of media are frequently
used in conjunction with and as
supplements to printed materials.
ADVANTAGES:
• Availability – Printed materials are readily available on a
variety of topics and in many different formats.
• Flexibility – They are adjustable to many purposes and
may be used in any lighted environment.
• Portability – They are easily carried from place to place
and do not require any equipment or electricity.
• User-friendly – Properly designed printed materials are
easy to use, not requiring special effort to “navigate”
through.
• Economical - Printed materials are relatively inexpensive
to produce or purchase and can be reused.
LIMITATIONS
• Reading level. The major limitation of printed materials is that
they are written at a certain reading level. Some students are
non readers or poor readers lacking adequate literacy skills;
some printed materials are above their reading level.
• Prior knowledge. Even though textbooks are generally written
to be more considerate of the reader, with clear language and
simple sentence structures, readers who lack some
prerequisite knowledge may struggle to comprehend the text.
• Memorization. Some texts introduce a large number of
vocabulary terms and concepts in a short amount of space.
This practice places a heavy cognitive burden on students,
which may be overwhelming for some.
• One way presentation. Since most printed materials are
not interactive, they tend to be used on a passive way,
often without comprehension.
• Curriculum determination. Sometimes textbooks dictate
the curriculum, rather, than being used to support eh
curriculum. Textbooks are often written to accommodate
the curriculum guidelines of particular states or provinces.
Consequently, the preferences of these authorities
disproportionately influence textbook content or as
treatment.
• Cursory appraisal. Selection committees might not
examine textbooks carefully. Sometimes textbooks are
chosen by the “five-minute thumb test” – whatever
catches the reviewer’s eye while thumbing through the
textbook.
FREE AND INEXPENSIVE MATERIALS
• With the ever increasing units of instructional
materials, teachers and trainers should be aware of
the variety of materials they may obtain for classroom
use at little or no cost. These free and inexpensive
materials can supplement instruction in many
subjects; they can be the main source of instruction
or certain topics. Material that you can borrow or
acquire permanently for instructional purposes
without a significant cost can be referred to as free or
inexpensive.
FREE & INEXPENSIVE MATERIALS
The commonly available items include posters, games, pamphlets,
brochures, reports, charts, maps, books, audiotapes, videotape,
multimedia kits and real objects. In addition, many teachers and
students are placing their ideas for teaching in array of subjects, along
with media and materials, on the Web/Internet.
DISPLAY SURFACES
If you are going to use visuals such as photographs,
drawings, charts, graphs, or posters, you need a way to
display them. How you display your visuals will depend on a
number of factors, including the nature of your audience,
nature of your visuals, instructional setting, and availability
of the various display surfaces. Classroom surfaces
commonly used for display of visual include:

 CHALKBOARDS - CLOTH BOARDS

 MULTI-PURPOSE BOARDS - MAGNETIC BOARDS
 COPY BOARDS - FLIP CHARTS
 PEGBOARDS - EXHIBITS
 BULLETIN BOARDS
CHALKBOARDS
MULTIPURPOSE BOARDS
COPY BOARDS
PEGBOARDS
MULTI-PURPOSE BOARDS
BULLETIN BOARDS
CLOTH BOARDS
• Cloth boards are instructed of cloth
stretched over a sturdy backing
material such as plywood, masonite
or heavy cardboard, the cloth used
for the board may be of various or
types, including flannel, felt, or hook
and loop material.
MAGNETIC BOARDS
• Magnetic board serve much the same
purpose as cloth boards. Any metal
surface in the classroom to which you
can attach a magnet can serve as a
magnetic board. The major
advantage is that maneuvering
visuals is easier and quicker that with
cloth board.
FLIP CHARTS
It is a pad of lard papers
fastened together at the
top and mounted to an
easel.
EXHIBITS
•Exhibits are collections of
various objects and visuals
designed to form and
integrated whole for
instructional purposes.
 There are two types of exhibits:
1. Displays
A display is an array of
objects, visual and printed
materials, student
assembly of display can be
a motivating learning
experience. It can fasten
retention of subject matter
and sharpen visual skills.
• 2. Dioramas
Are static displays
consisting a three dimensional
foreground and a flat
background is usually a
landscape of some sort with
models of people, animals,
vehicles, equipment, or
buildings.
DISPLAY SURFACES