BUKTI AUDIT DAN

PENYUSUNAN PKA
Nature of Evidence

Any information used by the auditor to

determine whether the information being
audited is stated in accordance with
established criteria

The use of evidence is not unique to auditors

Evidence is also used by scientists, lawyers,

and historians
4 Audit Evidence Decisions
1. Which audit procedures to use
2. What sample size to select
for a given procedure
3. Which items to select from
the population
4. When to perform the
procedures (timing)
Persuasiveness of Evidence
Two determinants:

Appropriateness Sufficiency

The persuasiveness of evidence can be evaluated only after

considering the combination of appropriateness and sufficiency
Six Characteristics of Reliable Evidence

1. Independence of provider
2. Effectiveness of client’s
internal controls
3. Auditor’s direct knowledge
4. Qualification of individuals
providing the information
5. Degree of objectivity
6. Timeliness
Relationships Among Audit Evidence and
Persuasiveness
Audit Evidence Decisions
Audit procedures and timing
Sample size and items to select
Qualities Affecting Persuasiveness
of Evidence
Appropriateness
Relevance
Reliability
Independence of provider
Effectiveness of internal controls
Auditor's direct knowledge
Qualifications of provider
Objectivity of evidence
Timeliness
When procedures are performed
Portion of period being audited
Sufficiency
Adequate sample size
Selection of proper population items
Persuasiveness and Cost
In making decisions about evidence
for a given audit, both persuasiveness
and cost must be considered.

The auditor’s goal is to obtain a

sufficient amount of appropriate
evidence at the lowest total cost.
8 Types of Audit Evidence
Physical
Examination
Confirmation
Observation

Audit Inspection
Reperformance Evidence

Analytical
procedures
Recalculation
Inquiry
Relationships
Physical Examination
It is the inspection or count by the
auditor of a tangible asset.

This type of evidence is most often

associated with inventory and cash.
Confirmations
Auditing Standards Requirements
United States Auditor must confirm
accounts receivable
Auditors control the mailing
and receipt of replies
Electronic confirmations
are permitted
International Confirmations are not required
Information often Confirmed
Inspection

It is the auditor’s inspection of the

client’s documents and records.

Internal External
documents documents
Analytical Procedures

 Understand the client’s industry and business

 Assess the entity’s ability to continue as a
going concern
 Indicate the presence of possible misstatements
in the financial statements
 Reduce detailed audit tests
Inquiries of the Client

It is the obtaining of written or oral

information from the client in response to
questions from the auditor.
Appropriateness of Types of Evidence
Application of Types of evidence to the four
Evidence Decisions
Recalculation

It involves rechecking a sample of calculations

made by the client.
Reperformance
It is the auditor’s independent tests of client
accounting procedures or controls that
were originally done.
Observation

 Use one’s senses to assess

client activities.
 Tour plant to obtain a general
impression of client’s facilities.
 Observation is rarely sufficient
by itself.
 Often need to corroborate
with another kind of evidence.
Audit Documentation

Audit documentation is the principal record

of auditing procedures applied, evidence
obtained, and conclusions reached by
the auditor in the engagement.
Audit Documentation

 Purposes of audit documentation

Ownership of audit files

Confidentiality of audit files

Audit File Contents and Organization
Permanent Files
These files are intended to contain
data of a historical or continuing
nature pertinent to the current audit.

Current Files
 Audit program
General information
Working trial balance
Adjusting & reclassification entries
Supporting schedules
Types of Supporting
Schedules
Analysis
Trial balance or list
Reconciliation of amounts
Tests of reasonableness
Summary of procedures
Examination of supporting
documents
Informational
Outside documentation
Relationship of Audit Documentation
to Financial Statements
Preparation of Audit Documentation

Proper identification of each file

Files indexed and cross-referenced

Clear indication of work performed

Include sufficient information

State conclusions reached
Preparation of Audit Documentation
Effect of Technology

 Audit evidence is increasingly in electronic form

 Auditors must evaluate how electronic information
affects their ability to gather evidence
 Auditors use computers to read and examine
evidence
 Software programs are typically Windows-based
Types of Tests

 Risk assessment procedures

Further audit procedures

Further Audit Procedures
and the Audit Risk Model
Audit risk AAR
model = PDR
IR × CR

Sufficient
Substantive Tests of
Tests of Analytical appropriate
controls + tests of + procedures + details of = evidence
transactions balances
per GASS

Further audit procedures

Risk Assessment Procedures

A major part of these procedures are

done to obtain an understanding
of internal control.
Role of All Audit Tests in the Sales and
Collection Cycle
Relationship Between Further Audit Procedures and
Evidence
Audit Assurance at Different Levels of Internal
Control Effectiveness
Audit Program
Part 1:
Tests of controls and substantive
tests of transactions

Part 2:
Analytical procedures

Part 3:
Tests of details and balances
Methodology for Designing Controls and
Substantive Tests
Four-Step Approach to Designing
Control and Substantive Tests
Methodology for Designing Tests of
Balances – Accounts Receivable
Methodology for Designing Tests of
Balances – Accounts Receivable
Relationship Among Five Key Evidence-
related Terms
Phases of the audit process

Audit objectives

Types of tests

Evidence decisions

Types of evidence
Audit Objectives

 Transaction-related

Balance-related

Presentation and disclosure-related

Types of Tests
 Risk assessment procedures

Tests of controls

Substantive tests of transactions

Analytical procedures

Tests of details of balances

Evidence Decisions

 Audit procedures

Sample size

Items to select

Timing
 Types of Evidence

Documentation

Physical
Inquiries of Client Evidence

Audit
Confirmation Recalculation
Evidence

Analytical
Reperformance
Procedures
Observation
Summary of the Audit Process

Perform analytical
Plan and design procedures and
Phase I an audit approach Phase III tests of details
of balances

Perform tests of
Complete the
controls and
Phase II Phase IV audit and issue
substantive tests
an audit report
of transactions
Summary of the Audit Process: Phase I
Accept client and perform initial planning

Understand the client’s business and industry

Assess client’s business risk

Perform preliminary analytical procedures

Summary of the Audit Process: Phase I
Set materiality and assess acceptable
audit risk and inherent risk

Understand internal control and assess control risk

Gather information to assess fraud risks

Develop overall audit plan and audit program

Summary of the Audit Process: Phase II

Plan to reduce assessed No

level of control risk?

Yes
Perform tests of controls

Perform substantive tests of transactions

Assess likelihood of misstatements in

financial statements
Summary of the Audit Process: Phase III

High or
Low Medium
unknown
Perform analytical procedures
Perform tests of key items
Perform additional tests
of details of balances
Summary of the Audit Process: Phase IV
Perform additional tests for
presentation and disclosure

Accumulate final evidence

Evaluate results

Issue audit report

Communicate with audit

committee and management
Terima Kasih