Digestion and Absorption

Nutrition and its Types

• Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an
organism uses food to support its life.
 Holozoic Nutrition
• It includes the following steps:
• Ingestion
• Propulsion
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Assimilation
• Excretion.
 Digestion and its Types
• It is the splitting of food molecules into smaller molecules by
hydrolysis that get absorbed by the epithelium of the gastro-intestinal
tract.
 Mammalian Digestive System
• It is divided into Alimentary canal and associated glands.
• Mouth and buccal cavity: The mouth is an oval-shaped cavity inside
the skull. The two main functions of the mouth are eating and
speaking. Parts of the mouth include the lips, vestibule, mouth cavity,
gums, teeth, hard and soft palate, tongue and salivary glands. The
mouth is also known as the oral cavity or the buccal cavity.
Tongue
 Components of Digestion
Teeth
• Human teeth have following characteristics:
• Thecodont
• Heterodont
• Diphyodont
• Dental Formula- 2123/2123
Structure of Tooth
• Oesophagus:
• 22-25cm long
• Propulsion of food with the movement of its muscular wall.
• A muscular gastro-oesophageal sphincter regulates its opening in
stomach.
Stomach
Small Intestine
Histology of Gut
Large Intestine
Associated glands
Salivary Glands
 Function of Salivary Glands
• Two enzymes:
• Amylase- to break starch into maltose and triose.
• Lysozyme- to kill bacteria.
• Also secretes mucin for lubrication.
• Aids in speech and taste.
 Gastric Glands
• There are three types of gastric glands, distinguished from one
another by location and type of secretion:
• The cardiac gastric glands are located at the very beginning of the
stomach and secrete mucin and a little bit of pepsinogen.
• the fundic glands- intermediate, or true, gastric glands in the central
stomach areas; secrete HCl, Pepsinogen and mucin.
• and the pyloric glands in the terminal stomach portion and secrete a
hormone called gastrin. Secretion slightly alkaline.
•.
 Pepsin
• Pepsin is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller
peptides.
• It breaks down peptones, proteoses and polypeptides.
Mucus:
• it protects gastric mucosa.
• It lubricates mucosa
• Keeps a watery environment by retaining water.
 Liver
• Functional unit is hepatic lobule.
Functions of Liver
Pancreas
Compound Stomach in Ruminants
Digestion of Carbohydrate
Digestion of Proteins
Digestion of fats
 Absorption
• The process by which nutrient molecules are taken into cells of a
living organism.
Nutritional Disorders
Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Indigestion